《英语基础写作》第4阶段导学资料
发布时间：2023-11-01 13:11:43浏览次数：55《英语基础写作》第四阶段导学资料GuideExpositionMost of the papers you are asked to write at school are perhaps expository. Expository papers arewritten to explain something, for example, how something is made, why something has happened, in whatways two people or things are alike or different, and suchlike. Expository papers are most frequently usednot only by students but also by scientists and professionals.In a narrative paper of a historical event, for instance, the War of Resistance against Japan, you tellwhat happened, when and where it happened, and who took part in it. In an expository paper, we discussits cause and effect, its nature, and its significance in history. You can explain things in many ways, for instance, by process, illustration, classification and/ordivision, comparison and/or contrast, or an analysis of their causes and/or effects. That is to say,methods which you have learned for paragraph development are also good for expository essays. Unit 1 Illustration (1)Goals1. Learn to use good examples to express your ideas clearly.2. Be able to write with a purpose in mind. Illustration is to explain with example. Now read Sample Essay 1 "Understanding Poverty" to seehow the author uses examples to explain.[Analysis] The illustration paper describes a small child's difficulty in understanding poverty and the cruelty ofother children. It is well written, because the author has chosen specific, interesting, and relevantexamples from his personal experience, and has arranged these examples expertly. He first givesexamples in [ 1 ] to show it is difficult for small children to understand poverty and groups similarexamples together: 1. "They want the same things children from more affluent families have." 2. "They want the same things they see advertised on television, and they don't understand why theycan't have them". Then in [ 2 ] he goes on to tell his own story — the only thing he remembers about an elementaryschool he went to in Georgia. The story is an example to show "other children can be incredibly cruel." When describing each student's Christmas presents, the author again gives examples in [ 3 ] — "thenames of the dolls they had been given, the kinds of bicycles and the grandeur of their games and toys".These contrast strikingly with the presents the author got — "a belt and a pair of gloves", and that waswhy he "cried" and was "laughed at" by other "children and a teacher." These concrete examples help usto see how the child "I" was made to feel it was terrible to be poor, and how his feelings were greatly hurtby other "cruel" children who "laughed at" him. From Sample Essay 1 "Understanding Poverty" you can see that good examples help the author toexpress his ideas clearly. They also make the essay more interesting and help to persuade or convince the
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reader.Task 1 As you have learned in writing narrative essays, good writers always have a purpose in mind whenthey write their essays. What do you think is the purpose of the essay you have just read?Purpose: Sometimes we use illustration alone to develop an essay, but most often examples are used in writingother papers such as comparison and contrast, classification and division, as well as cause and effect. Let us see how examples are used in Sample Essay 2 "Changes in Britain since 1945".Task 21) Analyze the purpose of the essay.Purpose: 2) List examples which show that Britain is a declining world power.3) List examples which show some good changes.4) Are there changes which are considered good by some but bad by others？5) What facts does the essay present to illustrate that some changes are good but not fundamental?Sample Essay 1Understanding Poverty (Abridged)[1] Small children have a hard time understanding poverty. They want the same things children frommore affluent families have. They want the same things they see advertised on television, and they don'tunderstand why they can't have them.[2] Other children can be incredibly cruel. I was in elementary school in Georgia — and this is interestingbecause it is the only thing I remember about that particular school — when I was about eight or nine.[3] After Christmas vacation had ended, my teacher made each student describe all his or her Christmaspresents. I became more and more uncomfortable as the privilege passed around the room toward me.Other children were reciting the names of the dolls they had been given, the kinds of bicycles and thegrandeur of their games and toys. Some had lists which seemed to go on and on for hours.[4] It took me only a few seconds to tell the class that I had gotten for Christmas a belt and a pair ofgloves. And then I was laughed at — because I cried — by a roomful of children and a teacher. I neverforgave them, and that night I made my mother cry when I told her about it.[5] In retrospect, I am grateful for that moment, but I remember wanting to die at the time.
Randall Williams Sample Essay 2Changes in Britain since 1945 The years since the end of the Second World War have seen Britain change from a world power withan empire stretching to all four corners of the earth to a regional European power seeking an identity foritself within the European Community, yet still maintaining links with its past through theCommonwealth. The picture of Britain as a declining world power is common. In 1950 Britain's GDP (GrossDomestic Product) per capita ranked the seventh highest in the world. By 1970 its position had slumpedto eighteenth, by 1981 to twenty-first. Yet it would be misleading to think that this meant that the Britishpeople were getting poorer in absolute terms. In fact the years since 1945 have seen a great improvementin the material standard of living for the majority of the population. The number of people who definethemselves as middle-class has significantly increased over the period 1972—1985. Women are now increasing their numbers in higher education, the professions and white-collar jobs,but they still have great difficulty progressing to the senior ranks. They also continue to face problems inbeing selected as parliamentary candidates, or winning seats in the House of Commons, despite forming a52% majority in the country. Some things, like divorce or abortion, have become easier now, if still controversial. Others, likeracial discrimination, polluting the environment and drunken driving, have become less acceptable.Whether there have been any fundamental changes in the extent to which British people are equal, free,tolerant or caring is still a matter for much debate. （Adapted from Contemporary British Culture and Society, edited by Xiao Huiyun）Unit 2Illustration (2)You've learned in Unit 1 that the most important thing in writing an illustration paper is to give goodexamples to illustrate your point(s), and when writing your essay, you should have some purpose in mind.Unit 2 presents more samples to show you how to write an illustration essay. Please read Sample Essay 3before you do Task 3. "The Jobs I Would Like to Do after Graduation"Task 31) Analyze the purpose of the essay.
Purpose: 2) Look at the organization of the essay and answer the following questions: Does the introductory paragraph lead to the main point of the essay? Does each paragraph have a separate central idea? Does the concluding paragraph give the reader a clear impression of what the essay intends to say? 3) Does the author give examples in each of the three middle paragraphs of the essay to make his/herpoint clear? From the above samples, we can see that when writing an illustration essay, we should: (1) Select enough examples which are specific and typical, interesting and relevant. These examplesmay be either personal experiences as in "Understanding Poverty" or second-hand information fromreliable sources as in "Changes in Britain since 1945" , and (2) Put similar or related examples together and arrange them climactically. Now read Sample Essay 4 "Chinglish" to see how the authors explain "Chinglish" and illustrate itwith examples. From the essay you may also learn how to avoid Chinglish in your writing.[Analysis] The authors first explains what is meant by "Chinglish" (See [1]) and then give five examples toillustrate their point (See [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]). Chinglish often results from word for word translations ofChinese expressions. It may be grammatically correct, but the choice of words or phrases and the mannerof expression do not conform to standard English usage. What is worse, Chinglish may causemisunderstanding as Example 3 shows us. To avoid Chinglish in your speech or writing, you should readmore writings by native speakers of English. Begin with works written in simple English ； there areplenty of such books or articles in which you find few new words. When you have read dozens of these,you will find your English improving. When you speak or write, try to think in English if possible, orlearn to express your ideas by paraphrasing instead of translating word for word what comes to your mindin Chinese. For example, 她最近整天谈恋爱，没有好好学习 is expressed as She hasn't been studyinghard because she spends most of her time with her boyfriend. Sample Essay 3The Jobs I Would Like to Do after Graduation[1] To acquire a job that is intellectually rewarding, creative , and contributive has been my ambition formany years. For I believe this kind of job is worthiest of devotion.[2] A job that is intellectually rewarding is one that can provide me with opportunities to deal with booksevery day, and to busy myself with the mystery of mankind and the universe. In a world in which moneyis very often valued more than anything else, I sometimes feel as if I were pulled by some evil force to theacquisitive society. Therefore, I wish the job I do in the future will be able to keep me from beingenslaved by materialism. Good books, I know, will keep me awake. Moreover, a job which brings me intocontact with great minds will excite my curiosity and fire my imagination. It will lay one question afteranother in front of me, urging me to seek for the answer. Thus I will always be able to maintain a youthfulspirit.[3] A creative job is one that respects the ingenuity of man and places human beings above machines. Asscience and technology progress, computers and robots are used more and more widely. Those "talented"pieces of iron and steel are sometimes so clever and skillful that they make me as well as many otherpeople doubt the necessity of man's very existence. Yet a creative job, such as teaching, writing, scientific
research, and management, which require more wisdom and imagination or involve more human feelingsand understanding, may well release me from such vexation.[4] A contributive job is one that helps to make my country strong and prosperous. I remember the firsttime I came to Beijing by train, I was shocked at seeing, in some part of Shandong Province, the shabbythatched huts which I took for cowsheds but were actually people's dwelling places. Thereafter, these hutsflash into my mind from time to time, reminding me of my duty to help those people out of such a life.Therefore, the job which I would like to choose after graduation is not one which promises a bright futurefor myself only, but one which will help to bring about a bright future for my country and my people.[5] Provide me with a job which bears the above characteristics, and I will dedicate myself to it. Nothingon earth can change my mind.Student Do task3Sample Essay 4Chinglish[1] "Chinglish", or Chinese-English, is speech or writing in English that shows the interference orinfluence of Chinese. Some sentences may be little more than word for word translations of Chineseexpressions. Chinglish may be grammatically correct, but the choice of words or phrases and the mannerof expression do not conform to standard English usage. Although understanding may not be a problem,Chinglish is unacceptable.[2] The following are samples from student writings or conversations: 1. His body is very healthy. 2. We are difficult to finish all this tonight. 3. His sick condition is much better. He is no longer dangerous. 4. He only said a few sentences. He made us very disappointed. 5. Recently she doesn't study well. All day she talks love.[3] No. 1 is an exact translation of the Chinese 他身体很好。But in English, people simply say He's veryhealthy. Adding the word body makes the sentence sound queer.[4] No. 2 is also translated directly from the Chinese. The problem lies in the faulty handling of the worddifficult. The correct way would be It'll be difficult for us to finish all this tonight.[5] No. 3 contains two mistakes. In Chinese we might say 病 情 好 转 , but English-speaking peoplegenerally say His condition is much better, or simply He's much better. To say a person is dangerousmeans that the person is in some way a threat to others. Here, improper use of the term changes themeaning entirely. What is meant, of course, is that the person's condition is no longer criticial, that he is"out of danger."[6] A better way to express No. 4 would be: (1) We were quite disappointed that he said only a few words.(2) He only made a few comments (remarks.) We were quite disappointed. (It was quite adisappointment.) Say a few sentences is heard in English and is not wrong, but far more common is Say afew words. Make someone disappointed is marginal — not wrong, but seldom found in English usage.[7] In No. 5, the first sentence is grammatically wrong. She hasn't been studying well recently would bethe grammatically correct version: However, the suspicion is that the student had in mind 好好学习 ,
which is more studying hard than studying well. As for the second sentence, there couldn't be a moreliteral translation of 谈恋爱。Talk love is not the English for 谈恋爱。It might be acceptable in a veryspecial context, perhaps in one-to-one conversation, with a slight touch of humor, as in Enough of suchthings. Let's talk about something more interesting. Let's talk about love. Even so, this would be rare. Sothe idea of the two sentences could be better expressed as She hasn't been studying hard because shespends most of her time with her boyfriend.(Adapted from Language and Culture, by Deng Yanchang & Liu Runqing)三、综合练习题型 题干 选项 答案单选题（ ） 单选题 !!!（ ） !" 单选题#$（ ） !!! 单选题%（ ） 单选题&!（ ） 单选题'（ ）! 单选题#$!(（ ） !) 单选题 *+（ ）, 单选题 （ ）,-单选题.!（ ）,!" 单选题 !!(（ ） 单选题 （ ）!
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写作 请根据下面的提示和要求写一篇短文。 提示： *+英语是世界上使用最广泛的语言之一。讲英语的人近三亿。 *+英语是国际会议中使用得最多的6工作语言。世界上有百分之六十的电台和百分之七十的邮件（!+用英语。数以百万计的书籍和杂志是用英语写的。 *7+借助英语可以更快、更好地学习现代科学和技术。学好英语，我们可以更好地为祖国服务。 要求： *+题目：我们为什么学习英语？ *+字数：88 词左右。 .9.&:; :!#!： :<&/!#!!#=83>83!:?!@::.:!!#写作 校学生会举办义卖活动以资助贫困地区儿童上学，作为学生会成员，请你写份通知：+介绍活动的目的；+号召大家踊跃捐献不用物品，并参加义卖活动；7）字数：88A8 词左右。参考词汇B义卖B/&阶梯教室B 4% #/:C4 &3</&&! D!!!!!!!0E!&/&.0!D!!! &3<
写作 写一份求职信，注意内容简洁、重点突出，文体要正式，用词要婉转、有礼貌，格式应符合商务信件的标准， 包括：信头*'+称呼*&+7正文*+F介绍信息来源*#!+及所要应聘的职位*G+；表明自己的求职心愿及自己在此方面的兴趣爱好；② 说明自己了解应聘职位的要求并满足应聘条件；重点提及与所求职位有关的学历*:+、经历*:0+，以便让对方能快速了解自己在该方面的能力和优势；③ 感谢对方审阅自己的个人简历函*HI!IC/!+，并提出希望得到面试*#+机会。J结尾敬语*/!!/+A签名*&+ 答案略修改病句D!# D!，#修改病句#!!K3H! #!!K3H!修改病句&!! &!!!修改病句.K3 .KK3修改病句%K3)&! %K3)!
