西南大学培训与继续教育学院课程考试试题卷课程名称【编号】：中西文化比较与交流【1257】 A 卷考试类别:大作业 满分：100 分1.Can you explain what the cultural variability is ? (20%)Culture is a concept with rich connotations. It is a collection of all human spiritualactivities and their products, including political, economic, moral, legal, religiousand other contents. It is the adaptation of social system, social organizationstructure and social ideology. Communicate and communication between peoplewill be in many ways, such as language, words and actions can enhancecommunication, language is the main means, in the negotiations but languagecommunication is also the most prone to obstacles, such as languagecommunication, language understanding deviation, cultural differences will affectthe negotiations."Cultural difference" refers to that different cultural backgrounds lead to differentvalues and standards of behavior. Different countries have different cultures,leading to differences in politics, economy, system, culture, art and other aspects.Each nation has its own unique culture. As a result, the characters, languages,personalities, customs, habits and even eating habits and dressing styles ofdifferent nationalities are also very different. Cultural differences will lead peopleto unconsciously use their own culture to measure the behavior and psychology ofothers and judge everything they encounter with their own standards, which willoften hinder the smooth development of normal work activities in transnationalcooperation. In negotiations, cultural factors will directly affect the behavior ofnegotiators, their attitude towards negotiations, their style and thinking duringnegotiations, so cultural factors will affect the whole process of negotiations, thusaffecting whether the whole process of negotiations can be successfully completed.The cultural factors that influence negotiation style mainly include personal style,time concept, risk degree, communication mode, decision-making mode,negotiation goal, negotiation attitude and contract form. In the negotiation process,negotiators need to adopt different negotiation strategies for different negotiationopponents.2. Can you illustrate the rationale of comparing Chinese and Westerncultures? (20%)In the view of western philosophers, only the speculative things are the most real,perfect and beautiful. Since the ancient Greek times, natural scientists andphilosophers have taken abstract thinking and logical thinking as the most basicmeans of understanding and grasping the truth of things, and "analysis" or "logic"as the tools of all science. This way of thinking has promoted the development of- 1 - western science. However, the traditional Way of thinking in China does notdirectly use inductive reasoning and deductive deduction, but based on the currentfacts and accumulated experience and knowledge, to identify, understand and makean overall judgment on the nature and regularity of objective things. Linked to theintuitive way of thinking, the Way Chinese people perceive the world is "physicalknowledge" rather than "cognition". As Lao-tzu initiated the theory of "physicalway", "physical way" is to grasp the fundamental way of the universe in the way ofspiritual experience. Confucianism, on the other hand, experiences the object ofcognition as a whole of the ethic emotion externalized by human self-consciousness, and seeks the confirmation of the subject's ethic and value norms.3.How will you understand stereotype? Can you give one example ofstereotype? (20%)To stereotype is to piece together what other people have reported and what we canimagine to form our opinion. The formation of stereotype, mainly because we arein the process of interpersonal communication, don't have the time and energy toand each member of a group are in-depth exchanges, but only part of the memberswith communication, therefore, we can only "by some deducing all", by which wecome into contact with the part, to infer all of the group.For example, "girls play with dolls and boys play with robots" or "men take care ofthe house and women take care of the house" are gender stereotypes.Thisperception often leads to gender discrimination at work, such as male nurses orfemale drivers.4.Can you illustrate what cultural awareness is? Could you give one exampleof how you show your cultural awareness? (20%)Cultural awareness is the understanding of group cognition. It is easy to knowoneself, but difficult to realize oneself. The same is true of culture. It is easy tounderstand but difficult to realize. Different cultures have different objects of selfdisclosure. From the above-mentioned American "talking about sex in daily lifeand even in the media is regarded as a very common thing", it can be inferred thatthe objects of American sexual self disclosure may include ordinary friends andeven the media public, while the objects of Chinese human self disclosure arelimited to couples; The objects of self disclosure of AIDS patients /hiv infectedpersons in the West are "depending on the situation", while the objects of selfdisclosure of AIDS patients /hiv infected persons in China are in a differentialorder: spouse, doctor, other relatives, friends and colleagues; The objects ofhomosexuals' coming out in the West cover all four levels: self, private, public andmass media. The objects of homosexuals' coming out in China are limited to selfand private. It should be pointed out that there is no cultural difference between theobjects of self disclosure of children's sexual assault in China and the west, that is,the vast majority of victims choose to conceal themselves. The object of self- 2 - disclosure and the way of self disclosure are closely related. Different objects andways of disclosure are different. "Guiguzi" gives different ways of disclosure tonine different types of disclosure objects: speaking with the wise, speaking withthe rich, speaking with the debaters, speaking with the important, speaking withthe rich, speaking with the high, speaking with the poor, speaking with the benefit,speaking with the humble, speaking with the brave, and speaking with the fool,speaking with the sharp.5. Can you summarize what you have learnt from comparing Chinese andWestern cultures? (20%)Westerners generally believe that personal interests are paramount, and all values,rights and obligations come from individuals. It emphasizes individual initiative,independence, and individual actions and interests. As individuals, they shouldhave independence, responsibility and self-esteem. Only in this way canindividuals be concerned and respected. Western extreme individualism isincompatible with Chinese traditional culture, and it is also an ideological trendthat we should prevent in the construction of socialist market economy today.However, western culture highlights the subject status of man in the universe andemphasizes the dignity and value of man as a subject. This humanistic concept hasplayed an important historical role in opposing feudal autocracy, religiousignorance, personal worship and the development of modern capitalism, and someof its ideological factors are of great enlightening significance to us.- 3 -