西南大学网络与继续教育学院课程考试试题卷类别：网教 专业：英语 课程名称【编号】：跨文化交际【0859】 A 卷大作业 满分：100 分I． Analyze the following cases ，and then answer the given questions.(50%) 1. Case 1 I can figure it out on my ownJay is having difficulty in writing a paper for his communication class, because he’s notsure what the professor wants. When he mentions this to his friend Ellen, she suggests he ask theprofessor or a classmen to clarify directions. Jay refuses, saying “I can figure it out on my own”.Question for discussion: Why does Jay refuse to ask his professor or classmen to clarify the directions for his paper?In this case, Jay's unwillingness to ask others for help in understanding his assignment is asign of his masculine emphasis on independence. As some scholars point out rather humorously,men invariably resist asking directions when they are lost in the road while women do nothesitate to ask strangers for help. What we have discussed about gender identity help usunderstand this difference. Because women initially develop identity within the firstrelationships have an undertone of danger-they could jeopardize independence. So Jay's refusalto ask others for help reflects the masculine emphasis on maintaining autonomy and notappearing weak or incompetent. Unless Ellen realizes this difference between them, Jay'sbehavior will continue to baffle her.2. Case 2 Melita feels hurtTed and Melita have been dating for two years and are very serious. To celebrate theiranniversary Melita wants to spend quiet evening in her apartment where they can talk about therelationship and be alone with each other. When Ted arrives, he is planned to dine out and go toa concert. Melita feels hurt that he doesn’t want to talk and spend the evening alone with her.Question for discussion:Could you explain to why Melita fees hurt that Ted doesn’t want to talk and speech theevening alone with？In feminine culture, talking is a way-probably the primary way-to express and expandcloseness. For women, dialog creates a bond. Masculine socialization, in contrast, stresses doingthings and shared activities as primary ways to create and express closeness. A man is morelikely to express his feelings for a woman by doing something concrete for her ( for example,washing her car and fixing an appliance) or doing something with her (e.g. skiing, going to aconcert and playing tennis) than by talking explicitly about feelings. By realizing that actionsspeak, women can avoid feeling hurt by partners who prefer activities. In addition, women whowant to express care in a way that men understanding might consider what can be done for orwith the men, rather than what to say.II. Answer the following questions: (50%)1. “Stereotype” is said to be one of the potential barriers of intercultural communication.What is “stereotype”? Why we take stereotypes as a barrier of interculturalcommunication?Stereotype is a complex form of categorization that mentally organizes our experiences andguides our behavior toward a particular group of people. There are a number of reasons thatstereotypes, as a form of classification, hamper intercultural communication. First, stereotypesfail to specify individual characteristics. Second, stereotypes also keep us from being successfulas communicators because they are oversimplified, overgeneralized, and/or exaggerated. They- 1 - are based on half-truths, distortions, and often untrue premises. Therefore, they create inaccuratepictures of the people with whom we are interacting. Thirdly, stereotypes tend to impedeintercultural communication in that they repeat and reinforce beliefs until theyoften becometaken for “truth.”2. As we know, a word in one language does not necessarily have a counterpart in the otherlanguage; words or terms in both languages appear to refer to the same object or conceptonly on the surface, but actually refer to quite different things. Explain the culturaldifferences of the following pairs of words: 龙vs. dragon, 知识分子 vs. intellectuals, 社会科学 vs. social sciences, 书 vs. book, 狗vs. dog.In Chinese culture, “龙” is a totem with many royal association, such as “龙颜”，“龙床” ， “龙 袍 ” , “ 龙 心大 喜 ” . However, the associations of “dragon” to Westerners arehorrible, disgusting monsters.Intellectuals, persons who use or work with their intellect, corresponds to “ 知识分子” ，yet there are conceptual difference between them. In Chinese culture “ 知识分子” generallyinclude people who have had a college education: college teachers, medical doctors, scientists,engineers, middle or primary school teachers, college students, and in some rural areas, evensenior high school students are considered “ 知识分子”. In most English speaking countries,however, “intellectuals” would include only people with high academic status such as collegeprofessors. So the English word covers a much smaller group of people than its counterpart inChinese.“ 社 会 科 学 ” covers all the academic fields not included in the natural and appliedsciences. This would include what are called “humanities” in English: language, literature,philosophy, etc,, that is, the branches of learning that deal mainly with the cultural aspects ofcivilization. The English word “social sciences” covers a smaller range of subjects—politicalscience, economics, sociology, etc., branches of learning that are concerned with human society,especially its organization and the relationship of individual members to it.Book: This word refers to “a number of printed pages fastened together and enclosed in acover.” This is universally true. But for the Chinese people books contain knowledge andwisdom for people, especially, the youth, to learn, while for English speakers, they express ideasfor people to consider, to agree or disagree, and to comment. So the Chinese people mayspecially respect or even worship books, as shown by the old Chinese sayings: “ 书中自有黄金屋，书中自有颜如玉”, “读书破万卷，下笔如有神”, etc.Dog: “狗” is very pejorative in meaning in Chinese. This can be readily illustrated by theChinese words and idiomatic expressions in which it is an element: “ 走狗”，“癞皮狗”，“ 狗 嘴 里 吐 不 出 象 牙 ” . In English culture, however, a dog is a pet which can even beconsidered a family member.- 2 -