《英语基础写作》第二阶段导学资料一、本阶段学习内容概述本阶段学习第三章写正确、有效的句子和第四章段落写作。二、重难点讲解1、Making Correct and Eective Sentences写正确的英语句子的技巧：结构完整、主语正确、主谓一致、代词和指代对象一致、明确的指代对象、句尾句号的使用、用连词连接分句、复杂句中的主句、比较级的使用、正确使用时态。There are at least these requirements: 1. it should be structurally complete; （结构完整）2. it should begin with a capital letter; （句首字母大写）3. it should end with a full stop, or a question mark, or an exclamation mark; （句末为句号、问号或感叹号）4. it should express a single complete idea.（表达单个、完整的意思）写有效的英语句子的技巧：统一、连贯、简洁、重点突出、多样、避免中式英语2、掌握英语并列句和主从复合句的特点1. When we mention two or more things or ideas of equal importance, we often usecoordinate clauses（并列句）joined with a coordinating conjunction (并列连词：and, but, or,nor, yet, so, or for). This form or method is called coordination.When we express animportant idea in a main clause and one or more less important ideas in subordinateclauses （ 从 句 ） , we are using the method of subordination. It is clear that the choice ofcoordination or subordination is mainly decided by the relationship between the ideas to beexpressed.In each of the following sentences more than one fact or idea is mentioned. Let us see whether coordination is preferable to subordination or the other way round. • This rich man went to church every Sunday, and he never donated a cent for the bene/t of hisneighborhood.• This rich man went to church every Sunday, but he never donated a cent for the bene/t of hisneighborhood.• Although he was rich and went to church every Sunday, he never donated a cent for thebene/t of his neighborhood. 解析：When we compare these three sentences, we feel that the second, with but, is stronger than the/rst, and the third may be the best one, for there the main idea is expressed in the main clauseand is emphasized. Here coordination may be better than subordination, for in a compound sentence （ 并 列 复 合句）all the three ideas get equal emphasis. • Although he went on talking as if he would never stop, no one was listening to him.• He went on talking as if he would never stop, but no one was listening to him.• He talked and talked, and it seemed that he would never stop, but no one was listening tohim. ◆2、Steps of developing a paragraph◆写出英文段落的方法：按照时间、按照过程、按照空间、举例子、比较与对比、按照因果关系、分类法When we write a paragraph, the /rst thing we should do is to think of a central ideaor theme and write it down in a complete sentence, which will serve as the topic sentence.Then we should think of the details or examples to support the main idea. We need towork out an outline to put these details in good order. With the outline, the paragraph isalmost half-done.Now, let us do the planning of a paragraph together. Suppose we plan to write a paragraphabout caring for the old. We may /rst write down the sentence Caring for the oldis an acuteproblem of modern times. Then we have to consider how to develop the paragraph along thisline of thinking. As a change over time is implied in the topic sentence,we may compare thesituation in the past with that at present. Let us put down some major points in order toelaborate on this central idea:(1) In the past, old people were taken care of by their children.(2) Old people used to be respected by the younger generation.(3) Things are very dierent now.(4) Many old people are left alone to look after themselves.With this outline, we can start to write the paragraph beginning with the topic sentence.SampleThere is no doubt about it: caring for the old is an acute problem of modern times.[1]In thepast, an old person could expect to be cared for by his children.[2]It was customary for an oldparent to move into the home of one of his married daughters.[3]Here he would be loved andhonored until his dying day.[4]Nowadays this is by no means the natural progression of life.[5]Many old people are left alone to fend for themselves, abandoned by their children.[6] There are many possible ways to develop a paragraph. Let us study these methodsone by one.