西南大学网络与继续教育学院课程考试试题卷类别：网教 专业： 英语 课程名称【编号】： 欧洲文化入门 【0174】 A 卷大作业 满分：100 分1.What is the political and cultural importance of Renaissance in Western culturalhistory? (20%)The word Renaissance was from French, meaning a revival or rebirth. The termRenaissance was given currency in the 19th century by Jacob Burckhardt a Swiss historian. In anarrow sense the Renaissance implies what was formerly called the Revival of Learningincluding the revival of classic learning , freedom from Scholasticism and ecclesiastical restraint.Marked by the enthusiastic pursuit of scholarship, the investigation if manuscript sources, andthe establishment of libraries and museums, it received added impetus from the invention ofprinting . Italy was the center of this European revival.Furthermore, it refers to the artistic,literary and scientific revival which originated in Italy in the 14th century and which influencedthe rest of Europe in a great variety of ways in the next two centuries. Broadly, it was typified bythe spread of humanism,a return to classical values, questioning of religious dogmas the growthof a more scientific outlook, major developments in art and literature, new inventions andoverseas discoveries, and a general assertion and emancipation of the human intellect.2. What are the intellectual contributions of Montesquieu in the formation ofmodern Europe? (20%)Montesquieu (1689–1755) French political thinker. He is famous for his articulation of thetheory of separation of powers, taken for granted in modern discussions of government andimplemented in many constitutions all over the world. In Montesquieu's on the spirit of law, thefirst point of view is political freedom. He believes that all countries in the world have acommon purpose, which is "self preservation", but each country has its own special purpose. Forexample, the purpose of ancient Rome is expansion, the phoenix of Jewish state is religion, thepurpose of French Marseilles is trade, the goal of Chinese law is peace, the goal of autocraticmonarchy is the joy of monarch in general, and the goal of normal monarchy is monarchGlorious, but there is also an ideal country in the world. Its purpose is political freedom. Hepointed out that in a country, political freedom is "not forcing anyone to do what the law doesnot force him to do, nor forbidding anyone to do what the law allows." For a citizen, "politicalfreedom is a state of peace of mind, which comes from the idea that everyone thinks he is safe.".To enjoy this freedom, it is necessary to establish a government under which one citizen does notfear another. " In order to rule a country, we must implement the separation of three powers.Only the government with the separation of three powers can realize political freedom. So far,we can see that his theory of separation of powers was put forward for the purpose of seekingpolitical freedom. According to Montesquieu, every country has three kinds of power: one islegislative power; the other is administrative power related to international law matters; the thirdis administrative power related to civil law matters. He referred to the second item as"administrative power" and the third item as "judicial power". According to such a division ofpower, he believes that "under the first kind of power, the king or the consul has the right tomake temporary or permanent laws, and to amend or repeal the laws that have been made.According to the second kind of power, they secluded or declared war, sent and accepted envoysto safeguard public security and defend against aggression. According to the third power, theypunish crimes or adjudicate private disputes. " His division of state power is more perfect thanchromic's, but later, in fact, people generally understand administrative power as themanagement power of the whole domestic and foreign affairs, including diplomatic power. In hisview, the three powers must be exercised by different people and different institutions.3.What are the intellectual contributions of Aristotle to the shaping of academicdisciplines in Europe? (20%)The earliest independent political system was established. Aristotle believed that the statenaturally endowed man with the nature to live the life of the state, but the nature of everythinghas a process of development, and it is only when it reaches the highest stage that its nature fullyreveals itself, so does society.Aristotle pointed out that the state experienced families and villages in the process of itsbirth and finally formed a highly complete community, which is the most full embodiment ofhuman nature. Only as part of the city-state can the individual satisfy his self-sufficiency.Aristotle argued that human social life consisted of many things, that city-states existed not justto facilitate exchange, to prevent mutual harm, and so on. The purpose of the polis is to achievemoral goodness, that is, to coordinate the functions of the polis, leading to the good life ofmankind. The chief and final aim of both the individual and the city-state is to make a goodliving. This is the essence that distinguishes the polis from other social groups.Aristotle first discussed a series of important subjects such as the origin, essence andpurpose of the state in the sense of political science, which provided the basic theory for theestablishment of this subject.- 1 - 4.Why is French Revolution considered politically and culturally important to theconstruction of modern Europe? (20%)The French revolution was a profound social revolution, which ended more than onethousand years of absolute monarchy in France and established the political system of therepublic. The revolution also shook and dealt a heavy blow to Europe's absolute monarchies.The revolution swept away the tyranny of France. Economically, it set the stage for theindustrial revolution in France. It had a profound influence on the ideology, culture andeducation of French society. The thoroughness of this revolution set an example for therevolutions that followed. It shook the foundation of the autocratic monarchies of other Europeancountries, and thus had world significance.5.Who are the Europeans ? What is the importance of Christianity to theEuropeans? (20%)With the support of the ruling class, Christianity later developed into the late RomanEmpire and the state religion of European countries in the middle ages. Therefore, for thesociety, the prevalence of Christianity helps to make the members of the society obey the socialethics and maintain the social order. The popularity of Christianity in Europe is conducive to theformation of a cultural unity and social solidarity in Europe. Christianity was able to meet thepsychological needs of the Europeans at that time, and had many social functions, so it couldbecome a dominant ideology in Europe before modern times. Europe is the place whereChristianity is most prevalent, so Europe is also the place where the influence of Christianityculture is most profound. Whether in European literature, art, music, science or politics,Christianity is everywhere. Christianity, to a large extent, has had many positive effects onEurope. It can be said that without the existence of Christianity, it is difficult to have today'sEurope.- 2 -