1. by + doing 通过……方式　如：by studying with a group by 还可以表示："在…旁","靠近","在…期间"、"用,""经过","乘车"等　　如：I live by the river. I have to go back by ten o'clock. The thief entered the room by the window. The student went to park by bus.2. talk about 谈论，议论，讨论　如：The students often talk about movie after class. 学生们常常在课后讨论电影。 talk to sb. === talk with sb. 与某人说话3. 提建议的句子： ① What/ how about +doing sth.? 如：What/ How about going shopping? ② Why don't you + do sth.? 如：Why don't you go shopping? ③ Why not + do sth. ? 如：Why not go shopping? ④ Let's + do sth. 如： Let's go shopping ⑤ Shall we/ I + do sth.? 如：Shall we/ I go shopping?4. a lot 许多 常用于句末 如：I eat a lot. 我吃了许多。5. too…to 太…而不能 常用的句型 too+adj./adv. + to do sth.如：I'm too tired to say anything. 我太累了，什么都不想说。6. aloud, loud 与 loudly 的用法 三个词都与"大声"或"响亮"有关。 ① aloud 是副词,重点在出声能让人听见,但声音不一定很大,常用在读书或说话上。通常放在动词之后。aloud 没有比较级形式。如: He read the story aloud to his son.他朗读那篇故事给他儿子听。 ② loud 可作形容词或副词。用作副词时,常与 speak, talk,laugh 等动词连用,多用于比较级,须放在动词之后。如:She told us to speak a little louder. 她让我们说大声一点。 ③ loudly 是副词,与 loud 同义,有时两者可替换使用,但往往含有令人讨厌或打扰别人的意思,可位于动词之前或之后。如: He does not talk loudly or laugh loudly in public. 他不当众大声谈笑。7. not …at all 一点也不 根本不 如： I like milk very much. I don't like coffee at all. 我非常喜欢牛奶。我一点也不喜欢咖啡。 not 经常可以和助动词结合在一起，at all 则放在句尾8. be / get excited about sth.=== be / get excited about doing sth. === be excited to do sth. 对…感兴奋 如： I am / get excited about going to Beijing.=== I am excited to go to Beijing. 我对去北京感到兴奋。9. ① end up doing sth 终止做某事，结束做某事 如： The party ended up singing. 晚会以唱歌而结束。② end up with sth. 以…结束 如： The party ended up with her singing. 晚会以她的歌唱而告终。10. first of all 首先. to begin with 一开始 later on 后来、随11. also 也、而且（用于肯定句）常在句子的中间 either 也（用于否定句）常在句末 too 也 (用于肯定句) 常在句末12. make mistakes 犯错 如：I often make mistakes. 我经常犯错。 make a mistake 犯一个错误 如：I have made a mistake. 我已经犯了一个错误。13. laugh at sb. 笑话；取笑（某人） 如：Don't laugh at me!不要取笑我!14. take notes 做笔记，做记录15. enjoy doing sth . 喜欢做…乐意做… She enjoys playing football.她喜欢踢足球。 enjoy oneself 过得愉快 如：He enjoyed himself. 他过得愉快。 She has been to Shanghai. 她去过上海。(已经回来)She has gone to Shanghai. 她去了上海。(没有回来)She has been in Shanghai for 2 days.她呆上海两天了。(没有离开过上海)1.情态动词 must, may , might, could, may , can't 表示推测含义与用法后面都接动词原形，都可以表示对现在情况的揣测和推断但他们 含义有所不同 must 一定 肯定 (100%的可能性) may, might, could 有可能，也许 (20%－80%的可能性)　 can't 不可能，不会 (可能性几乎为零)　 The dictionary must be mine. It has my name on it. The CD might/could/may belong to Tony because he likes listening to pop music. The hair band can't be Bob's. After all, he is boy!2. whose 谁的　疑问词　作定语　后面接名词如：Whose book is this? This is Lily's.3. belong to 属于　如： That English book belongs to me.4. 当 play 指弹奏乐器时，常在乐器前用定冠词　如：　　play the guitar play the piano play the violin当 play 指进行球类运动时，则不用定冠词　如：　 play football play basketball play baseball5. if 引导的条件状语从句，主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时代替将来时　如：　　If you don't hurry up, you'll be late.如果你不快点，你将会迟到6. if you have any idea== if you know 如果你知�