Internet Education College BLCUFinal Test of Linguistics (C)(Feb 2008) 07/ND-D/FT Class__________ Student ID Number_________Name___________ Score____________考生须知：1． 考试时间 120 分钟2． 本试卷分试题册和答题纸。3． 所有答案均需做在答题纸上，写在试题册上无效。I.Choices (15X2)1. Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning. A. Phoneme B.word C.phrase D. sentence2. Which of the major mental functions listed below is not under the control of the left hemispherein most people? __________. A. language and speech B. visual and spatial skills   C. reading and writing    D. analytic reasoning3. Modern linguistics regards the written language as ____________.A. primary B. correct C. secondaryD. stable4. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highestposition. A. back B. central C. front D. middle 5. The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, andpersonal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name,last name, title+last name, _______,and kin term. A. title+first name        B. title+title C.title alone           D. first name+last name+title6. ____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of theoriginal word.  A. Prefixes B. Suffixes C. Roots D. Affixes 7. Which of the following is true?  A. Utterances usually do not take the form of sentences.  B. Some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences.  C. No utterances can take the form of sentences.  D. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences.8. The sound /v/ is _________________. A. voiced palatal affricate B. voiced alveolar stop C. voiceless velar fricative  D. voiced labiodental fricative9. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces theembedded clause.  A. coordinator B. particle C. preposition  D. subordinator10. Linguistics is the scientific study of __________. A. a particular language B. the English language C. human languages in general  D. the system of a particular language11. Speech act theory did not come into being until __________.  A. in the late 50’s of the 20the century  B. in the early 1950’s  C. in the late 1960’s  D. in the early 21st century.12. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______. A. lexical B. morphemic C. grammatical  D. semantic 13. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequentialphoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identical  B. sameC. exactly alike  D. similar14．According to Chomsky, (   ) is the ideal user’s internalized knowledge of his language. A. competenceB. parole C. performanceD. langue15．The study of how words are combined to form sentences is called (   ). A. phonetics B. morphologyC. syntax D. semanticsII. Blank Filling (10X2)1. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe iscalled theCooperativeprinciple proposed by J. Grice.2. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other3. The social group isolated for any given study is called the speech community.4. Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: wordstress and sentence stress.5. A complex sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated in the other6. Behaviorist learning theory suggested that a child's verbal behaviour was conditioned throughassociation between a stimulus and the following response.7. Learners subconsciously use their first language knowledge in learning a second language. Thisis known as language transfer.8. Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and derivative affixes9. Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms. 10. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speechcommunity while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.III. True of False (10X2)1. (  ) Of the views concerning the study of semantics, the contextual view, which places thestudy of meaning in the context in which language is used, is often considered as the initialeffort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense. T2. ( ) Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basicunit in the study of morphology. T3. ( ) Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar. T4. ( ) In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. T5. ( ) In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other. T6. (  ) We can always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaningof a compound is always the sum of the meanings of its parts. F7. ( ) All normal children have equal ability to acquire their first language. T8. ( ) L1 development and L2 development seem to involve the same processes. F9. ( ) Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.T10. (   ) In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowelsuch as/i:/,the larynx is in a state of tension. TIV. Define the following terms (5X3)1. pidgin: A pidgin is a variety of language that is generally used by native speakers of otherlanguages as a medium of communication.2. Sentence: a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form acomplete statement, question or command.3. bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to becombined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word4. taboo : or rather linguistic taboo, denotes any prohibition by the polite society on the use ofparticular lexical items to refer to objects or acts.5. Antonymy :Antonymy refers to the relation of oppositeness of meaningV.Answer questions （2X5）1. Why do we say language acquisition is primarily the acquisition of the grammatical system oflanguage?  In principle, no human brain can store all the words and expressions of a language. Whathappens is that when processing the language they hear, children construct the grammar andmake sense of the expressions according to the grammar. When producing utterances, theyfollow the internalized grammatical rules. Without the knowledge of the productive rules, itwould be impossible for language users to produce and understand an unlimited number ofsentences which they have never heard before.2. Are the linguist approaches in MT research successful? Why? No quite successful as there are so many theories involved. It has also been found that those new theories which were successful in their initial trials on small samples have turned out to beproblematic in the end. VI. Analyze (2X7.5)1. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples such as “bookish”, “generate”, “books”“misinform” or “dislike” Free morphemes: They are the independent units of meaning and can be used freely all bythemselves, for example, “book-” in the word “bookish”.  Bound morphemes: They are those that cannot be used independently but have to becombined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word such as “-ish” in“bookish”. Bound morphemes can be subdivided into roots and affixes. A root is seen as partof a word; it can never stand by itself although it has a clear and definite meaning, such as“gene-” in the word “generate”. Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational.Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categoriessuch as “-s” in the word “books” to indicate plurality of nouns. Derivational affixes are addedto an existing form to create a word such as “mis-” in the word “misinform”. Derivationalaffixes can also be divided into prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes occur at the beginning of aword such as “dis- ” in the word “dislike”, while suffixes occur at the end of a word such as “-less” in the word “friendless”2. What are the advantages of using tree diagrams in the analysis of sentence structures?Show with the example according to generative approach1. The student met the author2. The man died on the bed.The tree diagram can not only reveal a linear order, but also a hierarchical structure thatgroups words into structural constituents. It can, in addition, show the syntactic category ofeach structural constituent, thus it is believed to most truthfully illustrate the constituentrelationship among linguistic elements