自考英语二复习资料第一章重点单词扩充讲解：　　1. organizational: a 组织上的　　由此我们可以联想到：organize: v 组织； organization: n 组织； organizer: n 组织者　　请看下列习题，选择该组词里恰当的词填空：　　1). Last week, our school ________ a spring outing.　　2). The task calls for the highest _________ skill.　　3). China has joined World Trade __________.　　4). He is the __________ of the speech contest.　　Answers: organized, organizational, Organization, organizer　　2. objective: n 目标； a 客观的，反义词 subjective: 主观的　　3. predict: v 预言、预示；　　由此我们可以联想到：prediction: n 预言； predictable: a 可预测的； predictor: n 预言家　　4. simplify: v 简化　　由此我们可以联想到：simple: a 简单的； simply: ad 简单地，仅仅地； simplification: n 简化； simplified: a 被简化的。　　Exercises for the above words:　　1). The machine is _____ in operation but complex in structure.　　2). Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet in the original is beyond our capacity while ____edition is quite easy.　　3). There is no point in arguing about it, because it is _______ a question of procedure.　　4). The ______ of working process freed the workers fro heavy labor.　　Answers: simple; simplified; simply; simplification　　5. tendency: n 趋势、倾向；tend : v 倾向于…， tend to do sth　　e.g. old people have the tendency of getting fatter.　　Or old people tend to get fatter.　　6. managerial: a 经理的、经营上的；　　由此我们可以联想到：manage: v 管理、经营； management: n; manager: n 经营者，管理者； manageable: a 可管理的、可经营的。　　7. argue: v 争辩、争论，常用固定搭配：argu with sb about/over sth 由于某事而同某人争论； argue sb into doing sth 说服某人做某事； argue sb out of doing sth 说服某人不要做某事。　　e.g. 1>. The young couple always argue with each other over their child’s　　education.　　2>. I argued him out of going on such a dangerous journey.　　8. define: v 给…下定义； definition: n 定义　　9. profitability: n 赚钱， 获利　　由此我们可以联想到：profit: n 利润； profitable: a 有利可图的, 有好处的；　　profitless: a 没有利润的。　　1). He has made a _____ from running a small restaurant.　　2). The deal was ______ to all of us.　　3). They valued _______ differently, which led to disagreement as to the correctness of decision.　　Answer: profit, profitable; profitability.　　10. correctness: n 正确性； 字根：correct: a 正确的； v 纠正， correction: n 纠正； incorrect: a 不正确的。　　11. unintended: a 非计划中的，　　由此我们可以联想到：intend: v 打算，计划；intention: n ； intended: a 计划中的 　　13．主语是 family, team, group, crowd, class, committee 等集合名词时，如果作为一个整体看待，谓语用单数形式，如指的是全体人员时，谓语用复数。　　His family are all music lovers.　　14．“one of + 复数名词 + 定语从句”之前有 the only, the very, the 等限定词和修饰语时，定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。　　She is the only one of these women who plays the violin.　　15．主语是疑问代词 who, what, which,不定代词 all, more, most, any, none 等以及名词 half,part, the rest 等既可表示复数意义又可表示单数意义，其谓语视情况而定。　　Half of the visitors are from Europe.　　Half of the fruit is bad.　　16．主语是表示数量的“one and a half +复数名词”，其谓语用单数形式。主语是“one or two + 复数名词”，其谓语用复数形式。　　One and a half bananas is left on the table.　　There are one or two things I‘d like to know about.　　17．the +形容词或分词作主语时，如指一类人。其谓语用复数，如指抽象概念，其谓语用单数。如：　　The rich are not always happy.　　The new is sure to replace the old.　　18．由 not only … but also, neither…nor, either…or, not …but 以及 or 连接的并列主语，谓语动词要与最靠近它的主语在数上保持一致。　　Not only your father's friends but also your father likes smoking.　　19．在倒装句中以及在 There be …结构中，如主语是并列的，谓语动词往往和其后面的第一个主语取得数上的一致。　　Where is your mother and younger sister?　　There is a pen , two pencils and five books on the desk.　　20．动名词或动词不定式作主语，其谓语用单数形式。　　When and where to build the new factory is not decided yet自考英语二复习资料第五章Learn new words and phrases 　　1. weaken: v 削弱、减弱，字根：weak: a 虚弱的 　　构词形式：adj/n + en 或 en + adj/n = v 　　Shorten, enlarge, enable, enrich, loosen, tighten etc. 　　2. nationwide: a 全国范围的，通过该词我们可以得到：worldwide:全世界范围的，regionwide, etc. 　　3.legal: a 合法的，反义词：illegal,不合法的；legalize: v 使…合法化。 　　The Netherlands became the first country to legalize euthanasia. 　　4. ensure: v 确保、担保，常见用法如下： 　　1). The police can ensure the witness from danger. 　　2). We can ensure that the work will be done in the right way. 　　5. oppose: v 反对、对抗；名词：opposition , 形容词：opposed 　　1). What he said was totally opposed to the facts. 　　2). Many people oppose building a new highway because of the great cost. 　6. tradition: n 传统，由此可以联想到： 　　traditional: a; traditionally: ad; 反义词为：modern 　　1). _____ Chinese medicine is believed to be effective for many diseases. 　　2). It's important to keep up the fine ____ of plain living and hard work. 　　3). Christmas is ____ a holiday for a family to get together. 　　Answers: Traditional, tradition, traditionally 　　7. consideration: n 考虑、体谅、照顾，由此可以联想到： 　　Consider: v 考虑；considerate: a 体谅的，be considerate of; considerable: a 相当多的。请练习一下： 　　1). Losing 30 pounds changed her appearance _____. 　　2). It is very ____ of you to send me a birthday card. 　　3). The matter is receiving the serious ____ of the manager. 　　4). He left behind him a ____ amount of debt. 　　Answers: considerably, considerate, consideration, considerable 　8. disabled: a 残疾的，伤残的，由此可以联想到： 　　able: a 有能力的；be able to do sth; unable: a 没有能力的；enable: v 使人能够 enable sb to do sth; ability: n 能力；disable: v 使人残疾 　　1). As long as they are physically ____, they tend to live on their own. 　　2). The _____ to be clearly heard is extremely important for any speaker. 　　3). I'd like to go to the cinema, but I'm _____ to. 　　4). Education should ____ every student to develop morally, intellectually and physically. 　　5). A car accident ____ him from playing football. 　　6). Special care should be given to the ______. 　　Answers: able, ability, unable, enable, disabled(v), disabled(a) 　　9. prohibition: n 禁止、禁令，prohibit: v prohibit sb from doing sth; 　　10. sensitive: a 敏感的， be sensitive to sb/sth; 同根词：sensible: a 明智的，be sensible of sth 　　1). I am sensitive to your criticism. 　　2). It's sensible of you to make such a decision. 　　Analyze the important sentences among the text 　　1. Affected with a serious disease, Van Wendel was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there was no hope of recovery and that his condition was rapidly deteriorating. (p2) 　　译：因患有严重的疾病，Van Wendel 再也不能清楚地讲话了，他知道他已经没有康复的可能，其病情正在迅速恶化。 　　句子分析：Affected with a serious disease 是过去分词短语做原因状语，可以改写成原因状语从句：because he was affected with a serious disease, ….另外，there was no hope of recovery 和 that his condition was rapidly deteriorating 都是动词 knew 的宾语。词组：be affected with sth 患有…疾病。如： 　　All the cows in the farm are affected with mad-cow disease. 　　hope of recovery:康复的希望。 　　2. Van Wendel's last three months of life before being given a final, lethal injection by his doctor were filmed and showed on TV last year in the Netherlands. (p3) 　　译：Van Wendel 在他的医生给她进行最后结束生命的那一阵之前的后三个月的生活被拍成了电影并于去年在荷兰的电视上首次播映。 　　句子分析：该句的主语较长，were 之前均是。其中，核心名词 Van Wendel's last three monthsof life，后面的 before being given a final, lethal injection by his doctor 是动名词的被动语态做定语。film 这里当动词用，拍电影。 　　3. The programme has since been bought by 20 countries and each time it is shown, itstarts a nationwide debate on the subject. (p3) 　　译：这个节目此后被二十个国家所购买。每次放映，都引起一场关于这个主题的全国性的大讨论。 　　句子分析：这是一个常考句子。考点一：since: adv 从那以后；考点二：each time 是名词作时间状语，前面不用介词；考点三：debate on sth 关于…的讨论。 　　4. However, doctors who carry out euthanasia under strict guidelines introduced by the Dutch Parliament two years ago are usually not prosecuted. (p4) 　　译：然而，在荷兰议会两年前提出的议案的指导原则下执行安乐死的医生，通常是不会被起诉的。 　　句子分析：该句核心内容有三点：carry out …实施，执行；under…guidelines 在…原则下，under 是按照，根据的意思；introduced by the Dutch Parliament two years ago 是过去分词短语做定语，修饰 guidelines。 　　5. Should doctors be allowed to take the lives of others? (p5) 　　译：医生应该被允许去结束他人的性命吗？ 　　句子分析：该句中主要核心内容是：情态动词的被动语态。情态动词+be+动词过去分词。如：In hot days, flowers must be watered every day. 　　6. Cicely Saunders, President of the National Hospice Council and a founder member of the hospice movement, argues that euthanasia doesn't take into account that there are ways of caring for the dying. (p8) 　　译：C.S 是国家收容所委员会的主席和收容运动的发起人，认为安乐死并没有考虑到照顾临终病人有多种方式。 　　句子分析：主语 Cicely Saunders，President of the National Hospice Council and a founder member of the hospice movement 是主语的同位语，谓语后面是一个宾语从句，而其中又包括一个小的宾语从句。重要词组：take sth into account = take sth into consideration 将…考虑在内。如：when judging his performance, don't take his age into account. 另一个词组：carefor 关心某人。 　　7. It's very easy in society now for the elderly, the disabled and the dependent to feel that they are burdens, and therefore that they ought to opt out. (p8) 　　译：这很容易使老人们，残疾人和依靠别人生存的人感觉到他们是负担，因此应该选择离开人世。 　　句子分析：该句 it 是形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式，to feel that they are burdens, and therefore that they ought to opt out。另外还请注意：the elderly, the disabled and thedependent 是属于：the + adj 所构成的固定表达方式，相当于 elderly people, disabled people and dependent peoole,是复数概念，因此若作主语句子的谓语动词应用复数形式。如： 　　In our country, the old are taken good care of by the young. 　　词组：opt out 选择放弃。如：I think I'll opt out the game. 　　8. What those people who oppose euthanasia are telling me is that dying people haven't the right. (p9) 　　译：那些反对安乐死的人是在告诉我们将死的人们没有这种权利。 　　句子分析：乍一看，这是一个简单句子，但若仔细分析，你会发现，这是一环套一环的结构。句子主体结构应是：What those people are telling me is that dying people haven't the right. 　　主语是一个主语从句，What those people are telling me； 表语是一个表语从句：that dyingpeople haven't the right.另外，who oppose euthanasia 是定语，修饰 those people; 请注意下列几个词的用法：oppose: v 反对； dying people 即将死去的人们；have the right to do sth 有权力去做某事。 　　9. But there are situations where death is a friend. (p9) 　　译：但是在一种情况下死亡是朋友。 　　句子分析：该句唯一的考点为：where; 此时它引导定语从句，相当于 in which. 关于定语从句的关系词选择的问题，主要取决于先行词在从句中所作成分，请对比： 　　1). The house ¬¬which he bought last year is very big. 　　2). The house where he was born is very old now. 　　3). The house whose windows face south is very big. 　　10. The film showing Cees Van Wendel's death was both moving and sensitive;… his wife had only her husband's interests at heart. (p10) 　　译：显示 CVW 之死的电影既感人又敏感，他妻子的心里只有丈夫的利益。 　　句子分析：这是一句曾出现于国考中的句子。考点：showing Cees Van Wendel's death。 　　是现在分词短语做定语，修饰 the film; 词组：have sth at heart:对…十分关心，将…放在心上。 He is selfish, and he has nothing but his own interest at heart自考英语二复习资料第六章Learn new words and phrases　　1．statistics: n 统计数字；keep statistics; statistical: a 统计的；statistician: n 统计员　　2. diplomat: n 外交家，由此联想得到：　　diplomacy: n 外交，外交手腕；diplomatic: a 外交的；请对比：diploma: 文凭　　3. exploit: v 开发、开采、剥削，由此联想得到：　　exploitable: a 可开发的；exploited: a 被开发的；exploitation : n 　　1). The workers in capitalist countries are cruelly exploited by the capitalists.　　2). There are laws against the exploitation of child labor. 　　3). His highly exploitable talent can't create wealth for society if he doesn't make great efforts. 　　4. abuse: v/n 滥用，如: abuse one's authority 滥用职权　　5. execute: v 实行、执行，将…处死，由此联想得到：　　executive: a 执行的，决策权的，n 行政领导 CEO=chief executive officer 首席执行官；execution: n 执行、实行。　　1). You shouldn't be slow in the _____ of your duties.　　2). The soldiers ____ the captain's orders as soon as they received the call.　　3). After the discussion of the ____ committee, the labor law was put into force in may, 1994.　　Answers: execution, executed, executive　　6. guilt: n 有罪、内疚；guilty: a 内疚的；guiltless: a 无罪的　　7. employee: n 雇员；由此联想得到：　　employ: v 雇佣；employment: n 雇佣；employed: a 被雇的，有工作的；unemployed: a 失业的；employer: n 雇主　　1). The police ______ force to break up the crowd.　　2). Many ____ were thrown out of job as a result.　　3). Business activities were greatly reduced and almost 60% of the workers were out of ______.　　4). During the Depression, many workers were ______.　　Answers: employed, employees, employment, unemployed　　8. immigrant: a 移民的，n 移民；immigrate: v ; immigration: n 　　1). During the gold rush, California attracted many immigrants from other states.　　2). Many Italians immigrated to the United States and Canada.　　3). In the 1980s, a law against the immigration of Asian peoples was put into practice. 　　9. deport: v 驱逐出境，由此联想得到：　　port: 港口；import:进口；export:出口；airport:空港；passport:通行证，护照　　10. be deserving of 值得、应得　　His efforts are certainly deserving of praise.　　 　　New words from text B　　11. deny : v 否认，拒绝接受，后接 doing. 　　He denied lying to us.　　12. ineffective: a 无效的，反义词：effective.　　13. watch over: 看护、看管。 　　They use specially trained dogs to watch over their sheep at night.　　14. in unison: 一致地，协调地　　They sang Happy Birthday to me in unison.　　15. pay back: 偿还，报复，回报　　1). If you lend me 50 Yuan, I will pay you back on Friday.　　2). I'll pay him back for the trick he played on me.　　Analyze the important sentences among the text:　　1. There are estimated to be more than 20000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain (p1)　　译：据估计，在英国工作的外籍家佣有 20000 多人。 　　句子分析：此句为 there be 句型的变体。该句型是英语中常见句式，称“存在句”谓语动词一般由 be 充当，但还可以根据句意换成其它动词，如：　　1). There are a lot of people in the meeting room.　　2). There will be a meeting tomorrow.　　3). There used to be a church at the corner of the street.　　4). There happened to be an old friend of mine in the hotel.　　5). There is sure to rain tomorrow.　　6). There stands a bank next to my school.　　另外，working in Britain 是现在分词作定语，修饰 domestic servants。　　2. Of these 20000, just under 2000 are being exploited and abused by their employers, according to a London-based campaigning group which helps overseas servants working in Britain. (p1)　　译：根据某个设在伦敦的帮助在英国工作的国外佣人的活动组织声称，在这 20000 名佣人中又近2000 人被他们的雇主剥削和虐待。　　句子分析：Of these 20000 是状语，under 2000 是数词作整个句子主语，are being exploited and abused 是现在进行时态的被动语态做谓语，剩余的是状语。另外，under 是低于…不到…的意思；---based 设在…的，以…为基础的；　　3. And they can have their passports removed, making leaving or escaping virtually impossible. (p2)　　译：他们的护照可能已被拿走，其实际上既不能离开液或不能逃走。　　句子分析：have their passports removed 是 VOC 结构，使 have sth done 句型的具体使用，表示宾语和动词之间是被动的关系，如：Last week I have my computer repaired. 　　making leaving or escaping virtually impossible 是现在分词作结果状语，其中 leaving or escaping 是动名词，做 making 的宾语。virtually 是几乎的意思，相当于 almost.　　4. In one of them, a Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after being convicted of murder, despite protests from various quarters that her guilt had not been adequately established. (p3)　　译：其中一个事例就是关于一个菲律宾女佣在被判谋杀罪后，在新加坡被处决，尽管各个地区的人都抗议她的罪行尚未得到充分证实。　　句子分析：was executed 表被动，after being convicted of murder 是时间状语，请注意：being 动名词，convicted 被判罪，被动，词组：sb is convicted of sth 某人被判有…罪。如：　　She has twice been convicted of fraud. (她已经两次被判犯有诈骗罪。)　　despite 尽管，是介词，因此其后只能跟名词，而不能接句子。Protests 是抗议的意思，　　that her guilt had not been adequately established 是 Protests 的同位语从句，具体解释Protests 的内容。from various quarters= from various places.　　5. I was supposed to be paid ￡120 but I never received that amount. (p4)　　译：我本应该得到 120 英镑的报酬，但我从未得到那个数目。　　句子分析：词组 be supposed to do sth 应该做某事，如：You are supposed to get there as early as possible. 　　be paid …被支付…钱。　　He is paid 1000yuan for finishing such a task.　　6. At the end of 1994, the British Government introduced new measures to help protect domestic workers from abuse by their employers. (p7)　　译：1994 年年底，英国政府引进新的措施来保护家佣们，使其免受雇主的虐待。　　句子分析：At the end of 1994 时间状语，the British Government 主语，introduced 谓语，　　new measures 宾语，to help protect domestic workers from abuse by their employers 是不定式做目的状语。词组：protect sb from sth 保护…使之远离…　　Each parent should protect their child from TV violence.　　7. So if they do complain, they risk being deported. (p8)　　译：所以，如果他们真的抱怨的话，就会冒着被驱逐出境的风险。　　句子分析：do complain:是谓语动词的强调形式，意思：的确抱怨道的话…前面我们曾经见过 it is/was… that/who…的强调句型，它不能用来强调谓语，只能强调主语、宾语和状语，而要想强调谓语，只能借助于助动词 do, does, did.　　For example:　　1). I do love you!　　2). He does study very hard.　　3). I did meet Bill Gates last week. 　　8. Allowing domestic workers the freedom to seek the same type of work but with a different employer, if they so choose, is what groups like Anti-Slavery International arecampaigning the Government for. (p9)　　译：给予那些愿意做同类工作但是想更换雇主的家佣们这种自由，这正是国际反奴役组织这样的团体向政府争取的。　　句子分析：Allowing domestic workers the freedom to seek the same type of work but with a different employer 是动名词短语作主语，其中 to seek the same type of work but with a different employer 是不定式作定语修饰 the freedom，谓语是 is, 后面的 what groups like Anti-Slavery International are campaigning the Government for 是表语从句。if they so choose 是条件状语从句，做插入语。　　9. It is, they say, the right to change employers which distinguishes employment fromslavery. (p9)　　译：他们说，就是更换雇主的权利才能把雇佣同奴役区别开来。　　句子分析：该句的主要形式是 it is…引导的强调句。强调句子的主语 the right to change employers. they say 是插入语。词组：distinguish A from B 将 A 同 B 区分开。　　The twins are so alike that no one can distinguish one from the other.|自考英语二复习资料第七章Key words and phrases　　1. musician : n 音乐家，与其同根的常见词汇：music : n 音乐；musical : a 音乐的， musically : adv 从音乐上来说的。 Please do the exercises:　　1). The ____ of the Beatles became very successful and famous during the 1960s.　　2). Although he was born in America, he could play many Chinese ____ instruments.　　3). Folk music, the blues and rock'n'roll remained _____ and culturally distinct in the 1960s.　　4). Bob Dylan, a famous folk ____ in America, was best known for his anti-war song.　　Answers: music, musical, musically, musician　　2. consciousness: n 意识、知觉，与其同根的常见词汇：conscious: a 有知觉的、有意识的 =aware，反义词：unconscious = unaware; 副词：consciously, unconsciously。 常用搭配：be aware/unaware of sth; be aware/unaware that.　　1). I was ____ that I had made a mistake. 　　2). ____ did not return to the injured man for two hours.　　3). When a person immigrates to a new country, he should ______ adapt himself to the new environment.　　Answers: conscious, consciousness, consciously　　3. originate: v 发源、发生,与其同根的常见词汇：origin : n 起源、发源； original : a 原始的，新颖的；n 原著、原稿， originality : n 创新、创造力　　1). The use of steam originated many new reforms.　　2). I wonder the origins of life on the earth.　　3). The Indians were the original inhabitants of North America.　　4). The quarrel originated in conflicts between the two families.　　5). Her design is of great originality.　　4. imitator: n 模仿者，联想：imitate: v 模仿；imitation : n 模仿　　5. limitless : a 无限制的，与其同根的常见词汇：limit : n 极限，v 限定；limited ; a 有限的，limitation: n 局限　　1). His knowledge about insurance is rather ______.　　2). His energy seems to have no ____.　　3). A wise man knows his ____.　　4). In front of the ____ ocean, he found he was rather insignificant.　　Answers: limited, limits, limitation, limitless.　　6. penetrating: a 穿透的，贯穿的，动词：penetrate; 名词：penetration　　7. participant: n 参加者，参与者，与其同根的常见词汇：participate: v, participation :n 固定搭配：participate in sth.　　8. take over: 接管、接任、　　When he retired, his son took over business from him.　　9. take on : 担任，雇用　　1). He has taken on a new job.　　2). The employer takes on twenty more workers.　　Text B:　　10). composer: n 作曲家，动词 compose，名词 composition　　11). inspire: v 鼓舞，产生灵感，inspiration : n 灵感　　Genius is 1% of inspiration and 99% of hard work.　　12. invariably: ad 不变地，同根词：variable: a 可变的；variety: n 各种各样，变化； vary : v 变化；various : a 各种各样的　　13. sake : n 缘故；for the sake of sth 为了…的缘故，好处　　The company has decided for economy's sake to close down this department. 　　14. harmony : n 协调， harmonize: v 使…和谐；harmonious : a 和谐的　　15. in a sense: 从某种意义上说。　　In a sense, you are right.　　16. it goes without saying that 不言而喻，理所当然　　It goes without saying that you will be paid for the overtime work.　　Analyze the difficult sentences:　　1. The new music was built out of materials already in existence…… (p1)　　译：新音乐是从已有的三种音乐发展起来的…　　句子分析：词组 in existence 现有的、已有的；out of = from.　　2. The three forms remained musically and culturally distinct, and even as late as 1965, none of them were expressing any radically new states of consciousness. (p1)　　译：这三种形式保留着音乐和文化方面的特色，甚至直到 1965 年，这三种音乐没有一种表达出任何激进的新的意识形态。　　句子分析：主语：The three forms；谓语（系动词）：remained；表语：distinct. musically and culturally 是副词修饰 distinct。as late as 1965 时间状语，none 没有一个；new states of consciousness 新的意识状态。Radically 修饰 new.　　3. What happened, as well as it can be put into words, was this. (p2)　　译：所发生的情况，如果用语言尽可能表达出来是这样的。　　句子分析：主语：What happened，主语从句；was this 系表结构；as well as 在本句中应理解为：as…as，像。。一样好。put inyo words: 用文字表达　　4. They freely took over elements from jazz, from American country music, and as timewent on from even more diverse sources. (p2)　　译：他们自由地吸取爵士乐、美国乡村音乐的成分，随着时间的推移甚至从更多的来源中吸取营养。　　句子分析：本句核心形式：take over sth from sth 从…中吸取…；as time went on 意思是：随着时间的推移，如：as time goes on, our vocabulary is enlarging gradually.　　Diverse: a 不同的，各种各样的，相当于 various.如：　　New York is a very culturally diverse city.　　5. What developed was a music readily taking on various forms and capable of an almost limitless range of expression. (p2)　　译：音乐的很快发展成为具有多种形式并且几乎具有无限的表现力。　　句子分析：主语：What developed，后面是一个系表结构，readily taking on various forms and capable of an almost limitless range of expression 分别是现在分词短语和形容词短语做定语，修饰 music.另外：take on 意思：具有；be capable of doing sth 有能力做某事。　　6. Electronics did, in fact, make possible sounds that no instrument up to that time could produce. (p3)　　译：事实上，电子学的确可以制作出到那时为止乐器所发不出的声音。　　句子分析：did make 是谓语的强调结构，possible 是宾补，提到宾语 sounds 以及定语从句之前是国考的重要考点，目的是为了避免结构的头重脚轻现象。（在下一句话中我们还会见到相同用法。）　　7. Electronic amplifiers also made possible a fantastic increase in volume, the music becoming as loud and penetrating as the human ear could stand, and thereby achieving a total effect, so that instead of an audience of passive listeners, there werenow audiences of total participants, feeling the music in all of their senses and all of their bones. (p3)　　译：电子扬声器也使得在音量方面能够有意想不到的提高，音乐在人类耳朵所能承受范围内变得响亮，具有穿透力，由此表达了一种完美的效果，所以听众已不是被动的听众，现在的听众是完全投入的听众，他们在全身心感受着音乐。　　句子分析：本句话非常复杂，可分为四个层次：第一层次是主句：Electronic amplifiers also made possible a fantastic increase in volume；第二层次从 the music becoming 直至句尾是现在分词的独立主格结构，做伴随状语。第三层次：so that 引导的结果状语从句；第四层次从 feeling 到句尾为现在分词短语，又是分词做伴随状语。　　8. With records at home, listeners imitated these lighting effects as best as they could, and heightened the whole experience by using drugs. (p4)　　译：家里有了唱片，听众尽力模仿舞厅灯光效果并通过使用药物以加强整体感受。　　句子分析：With records at home 方式状语；imitated 和 heightened 两个并列谓语动词；as best as one could 尽力做某事,如： I sear I will teach him a lesson as best as I could.自考英语二复习资料第八章Key words and phrases 　　1. efficiency : n 效率，其他同根词：efficient: a 高效率的；inefficient: a 效率低的；inefficiency : n; effective: a 有效果的 　　1). He has done much to increase the ____ of English teaching. 　　2). She is very _____ in reducing waste. 　　3). His ____ study method caused his failure. 　　4). The city government took some _____ measures to reduce unemployment.　　Answers: efficiency, efficient; inefficient, effective 　　2. increasingly: ad 不断增加地， 由此可以联想到： 　　increase：v 增加; increasing: a 不断增加的; decrease: v 减少； 　　1). Drinking and smoking among young people _____ to an alarming extent. 　　2). The truth is becoming ______ apparent. 　　3). The ____ friendly relations between the two countries strengthen the cultural exchanges between them. 　　3. prevalent: a 流行的，普通的 = popular 　　4. calculator : n 计算者，计算器，calculate: v 计算；calculation : n 计算; calculating: a 诡计多端的　　5. expose: v 使暴露，揭露，揭发，exposure: n; expose sb to sth 让某人接触。。。 　　6. completion: n 完成、结束，由此可以联想到： 　　complete: v 完成，a 完整的，completeness: n 完整；incomplete: a 不完整的 　　1). He ____ denied the existence of god. 　　2). He has never ____ a project on time. 　　3). Money will be paid half in advance and half on _______. 　　4). When will the new railway ________? 　　7). intensity : n 强烈、剧烈，由此可以联想到： 　　intense = strong: a 强烈的, intensive: a 密集的，加强的；intensify: v 加强；intension: n 强烈、紧张。 　　1). We should ____ the struggle for peace. 　　2). There are few strong situations or moments of dramatic ______. 　　3). They have been receiving a four-day ____ training course. 　　4). They kept working in the ____ heat. 　　Answers: intensify, intensity, intensive, intense 　　8. defective : a 有缺点的，defect: n 缺点 　　9. assemble: v 集合、装配； assembly: n 装配 　　10. expose sth/sb to sth:暴露，面临、遭受 　　1). People often expose their skin to the sun in summer. 　　2). I won't expose my soldiers to such unnecessary risks. 　　11. in that: 在于，因为 　　1). I like the country better in that it is closer to nature. 　　12. in question: 正被谈论的，正被考虑的(通常放在被修饰名词后面) 　　We know nothing about the plan in question. 　　Analyze the difficult sentences 　　1. Most of today's robots are employed in the automotive industry, where they are programmed to take over such jobs as welding and spray painting automobile and truck bodies. (p2) 　　翻译：今天大多数机器人用于汽车工业，它们按照编好的程序接任了汽车和卡车车身的焊接和喷漆这一类的工作。 　　分析：该句的考点是 where 引导的非限定性定语从句，修饰 in the automotive industry。另外请注意几个词的用法：employ: v 雇佣，使用，相当于 use; program: v 编写程序；take over: 接管、接收、接任，如：Do you want me to take over the driving if you are tired? 　　such...as 例如，welding and spray painting 是动名词，做宾语。 　　2. Robots, already taking over human tasks in the automotive field, are beginning to be seen , although to a lesser degree, in other industries as well. (p3) 　　翻译：除了在汽车生产领域替代人工劳动外，机器人也开始在别的工业部门应用，虽然应用程度低一些。 　　分析：该句考点如下：already taking over human tasks in the automotive field 是现在分词短语做定语；to be seen 不定式的被动概念；although to a lesser degree 让步状语，to a lesserdegree 是表示：在更小的程度上，反义词：to a larger degree. 　　3. The robots used in nuclear pants handle the radioactive materials, preventing human personnel from being exposed to radiation. (p3) 　　翻译：核电站里使用机器人处理辐射材料，避免人员接触放射性物质。 　　分析：主语：The robots；谓语：handle；宾语：the radioactive materials；used in nuclear pants handle the radioactive materials 是过去分词短语做定语；preventing human personnel from being exposed to radiation 是现在分词短语做伴随状语。being exposed to 动名词被动语态；prevent sb from doing 阻止某人做某事。 　　4. Robots differ form automatic machines in that after completion of one specific task, they can be reprogrammed by a computer to do another one. (p4) 　　翻译：机器人与自动化装置的区别在于它们完成一项特定任务后可以由计算机重新编程去执行另一项任务。 　　分析：该句重要考点：in that,相当于 because, 所引导从句表原因。如： 　　Men are different from other animals in that the former can create and use tools while the latter cannot. 　　5. It is not yet known whether robots will one day have vision as good as human vision. (p5) 　　翻译：人们不知道是否有一天机器人能具有像人类一样好的视觉。 　　分析：该句的主语是 whether 引导的主语从句。（有关知识请见课后补充语法。），it 是形式主语；as good as human vision 是后置定语修饰 vision;　　6. Engineers working on other advances are designing and experimenting with new types of metal hands and fingers, giving robots a sense of touch. (p6) 　　翻译：在其他方面努力取得进展的工程人员正在设计和实验新的金属手臂和手指，使机器人具有触觉。 　　分析：请注意该句中几个-ing 的区别：working on other advances 是非谓语动词中的现在分词；are designing and experimenting 是谓语动词的进行时态；giving robots a sense of touch 是非谓语动词的现在分词做结果状语。词组：experiment with sth 实验。。。 　　7. These future robots, assembled with a sense of touch and the ability to see and make decisions, will have plenty of work to do. (p7) 　　翻译：未来具有触觉、视觉并能决策的机器人将可以做很多工作。 　　分析：主语：These future robots；谓语：will have；宾语：plenty of work to do。 　　assembled with a sense of touch and the ability to see and make decisions 是过去分词短语做定语，修饰主语，其中动词不定式 to see and make decisions 是另外一个定语，修饰 the ability.　　词组：be assembled with sth = be equipped wth sth 装备有。。。；a sense of touch 触觉，同样的短语还有：a sense of sight/hearing/smell/taste:视觉，听觉，嗅觉，味觉；a sense of humor/direction:幽默感/方向感。make decisions 做出决定；plenty of sth 充足的，足够的 　　8. Anyone wanting to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics. (p7) 　　翻译：任何希望了解未来工业的人必须懂机器人。 　　分析：这句话是国考题目中常考的。考点：wanting to understand the industry of the future，是现在分词短语做定语，修饰 anyone. 词组：know about sth 了解。。。，懂得。。。。 自考英语二复习资料第十章 　　课文难句讲解、分析　　1. A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available.(p1)　　译：决策就是从几种可以选择的做法中作出选择。　　分析：该句是主系表结构。made from among alternative courses of action that are available 是过去分词短语做定语修饰 a choice; 其中 that are available 是定语从句修饰 courses of action.　　像这样一环修饰一环的句子结构在英文中很普遍，因此为了看懂句子大家必须学会分析。这是整个英语学习过程中很重要的能力！　　2. The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists, goals or objectives arewrong, or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them. (p1)　　译：做出决策的原因是因为存在问题，目标或目的有错误，或者有某种东西防碍着它们的实现。　　分析：该句又是主系表结构。That 引导三个并列的表语从句，① a problem exists，② goals orobjectives are wrong；③ something is standing in the way of accomplishing them。 短语：make a decision:做出决策；stand in the way: 阻挡、防碍　　3. Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance, but since uncertainty is always there, risk accompanies decisions. (p2)　　译：通常管理者必须对未来的情况做出最佳预测，从而使偶然性尽可能少地发生，但因为不确定性总是存在，所以决策常伴随着风险。　　分析：前半句是主谓宾结构。what the future will be 是 at 的宾语；as little as possible 做leave 的宾语；since 引导原因状语从句，相当于 because.　　4. If there is no choice, there is no decision to be made. (p3)　　译：如果没有选择，就不会有决策。　　分析：这是一句很简单的条件状语从句，但它有一个很重要的考点：to be made。这是动词不定式做定语修饰 decision，有将来意味。比如：The last question to be discussed today is how todivide the work among ourselves.　　5. For managers, every decision has constraints based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like. (p3)　　译：对于管理者而言，每次决策都受到政策、程序、法律以及惯例等因素制约。　　分析：这句话的考点是 based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like。同样是过去分词短语做定语修饰 constraints。其中词组：base…on 以…为基础。 如：The film is based on s short story by Jack London.　6. But the tendency to simplify blinds them to other alternatives. (p4)　　译：但是这种简化的倾向使得他们看不到其他可供选择的方法。　　分析：该句主语 the tendency to simplify，谓语 blinds; them 是宾语。to simplify 是定语，修饰 the tendency；to other alternatives 是宾补。其中短语：blind sb to sth:使…看不见…；　　we shouldn’t let our prejudices blind us to the facts.　　7. Because individuals (and organizations) frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals, the best choice may depend on who makes the decision. (p6 line 4--6)　　译：因为个人（和组织）关于如何达到目的常有不同的观点，哪种是最优的选择可能要看是谁做出决策。　　分析：这是一个由 because 引导的原因状语从句。其中 how to attain the goals 做介词 about 的宾语，who makes the decision 做介词 on 的宾语。　　8. Some of these objectives are more important than others, but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department. (p7 line 2--4)　　译：其中有一些目标比其它的更重要，但其顺序和重要程度因人和不同的部门而异。　　分析：请注意比较级 more important than，词组：vary from person to person 译成中文：因人而异，可以推出：因季节而异 vary from season to season…. 补充语法知识：名词性从句 　　名词性从句是由 if, whether, that 和各种疑问词充当连接词所引导的从句，其功同名词一样。 　　一．主语从句 　　主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语 it 代替，而本身放在句子末尾。 　　1. It 作形式主语和 it 引导强调句的比较　　It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而 it 引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词 that。被强调部分指人是也可用 who/whom。例如：　　1).It is a pity that you didn't go to see the film.　　2).It doesn't interest me whether you succeed or not.　　3).It is in the morning that the murder took place.　　4).It is John that broke the window. 　　必背 　　用形式主语 it 引导的主语从句相当多，有些已形成固定的语法和译法。常见的有： 　　It is said that... 据说…… It is reported that... 据报导……　　It is well known that... 众所周知…… It is announced that... 据宣布……　　It is believed that... 人们相信…… It is thought that... 人们认为……　　It is understood that... 自不待言…… It must be pointed out that... 必须指出……　　It must be admitted that... 必须承认…… 　　2.主语从句的语序 　　主语从句要求使用陈述句语序，而非一般疑问句语序。如： 　　What surprised me most was that the little girl could play the violin so well.　　使我感到惊讶的是这个小女孩的小提琴拉得太好了。 　　How he was successful is still a puzzle.　　他是如何成功的仍然是个谜。 　　3. 连接词的选用 　　（1）that 和 what 的选用 　　that 和 what 都可引导主语从句。what 除起连接作用外，还在名词性从句中充当某些成分，可作从句的主语、宾语或表语。而 that 在名词性从句中不充当任何成分，无词义，只起连接词作用。如： 　　What he wants is a book. 他想要的是一本书。 　　That light travels in straight lines is known to all. 众所周知，光线沿直线运行。 　　（2）if 和 whether 的选用 　　引导主语从句，不能用 if，只能用 whether。如： 　　Whether we will hold a party in the open air tomorrow depends on the weather.　　我们明天是否在户外开晚会要看天气而定。 　　（3）其它连接代词和副词的选用 　　根据主语从句的具体意义，正确的选择 who, which, when, where, why, how 等连接词，这些连接词既有疑问含义，又起连接作用，同时在从句中充当各种成分。如： 　　When we shall hold our sports meet is not decided. 我们何时举行运动会还没有决定。 　　Who broke the glass yesterday is not clear. 还不清楚昨天谁打破了玻璃。 　　Which car you will choose to buy makes no difference. 你决定买哪一辆车都不会有任何区别。 　　二．宾语从句 　　在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。 　　1. 宾语从句常由 that 引导，在口语中常省略。当主句中谓语动词是现在或将来时态时，从句中谓语动词不受主句中谓语动词时态的影响，按需要可以使用任何时态。如： 　　She says (that) she works from Monday to Friday. 从句是一般现在时 　　She says (that) she will leave a message on his desk. 从句是一般将来时 　　当主句谓语是过去时态，从句中的时态一般用表示过去的某种时态。如： 　　He said there were no classes yesterday afternoon. 从句是一般过去时 　　He said (that) he was going to take care of the baby. 从句是过去将来时 　　He said (that) they were having a meeting at that time. 从句是过去进行时 　　当主句谓语是过去时态，而宾语从句叙述某一客观真理（事实）时，宾语从句的时态则用一般现在时。如： 　　The teacher told us(that) nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it. 　　老师告诉我们世上无难事只怕有心人。 　　He said that light travels much faster than sound. 他说光传播比声音传播快得多。 　　2. 否定转移 　　1) 将 think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine 等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。 　　I don't think I know you.　我想我并不认识你。 　　I don't believe he will come.　我相信他不回来。 　　注意：若谓语动词为 hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。 　　I hope you weren't ill. 我想你没有生病吧。 　　2) 将 seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。 　　It doesn't seem that they know where to go.看来他们不知道往哪去。 　　It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow. 看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。 　　三．表语从句 　　表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有 be, look, remain, seem 等。引导表语从句的 that 常可省略。另外，常用的还有 the reason is that… 和 It is because 等结构。例如： 　　1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.　　2) This is why we can't get the support of the people.　　3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.　　4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.　　四. 同位语从句　　同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。 　　1.同位语从句的功能 　　同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由 that 引导，例如： 　　1) The king's decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people. 　　2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.　　2．同位语从句与定语从句的区别　　(1) 定语从句中的 that 既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的 that 是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。 　　(2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如： 　　1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。）（第一个 that 引导的从句是定语从句，that 在从句中作宾语） 　　2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。）（同位语从句，that 在句中不作任何成分）　　Key words and phrases 　　1.warning: n 警告，warn : v 警告，warn sb not to do sth; give sb a warning 　　2.shift: v/n 替换，转移，改变，转变，轮班 　　1).There has been a shift in fashion from formal to more informal dress.　　2).The wind shifted from east to north.　　3).She works the day shift and her husband works the night shift.　　3.speculate: v 思索、推测，speculate on/upon/about sth, speculation: n, speculator: n　　4.datum: n 资料、数据，复数形式：data; 又如：bacterium: 细菌，bacteria;　　medium, media.　　5.reliability: n 可靠性，reliable: a 可靠的， unreliable: a 不可靠的 　　6.partial: a 偏袒的，部分的，be partial to sb.　　7.up-to-date: a 最新的，out of date: 过时的，to date: 至今 　　1).Will long dress go out of date next year? 　　2).To date, we have not received any replies from him.　　3).She always wears clothes that are right up to date.　　8.analyze: v 分析，analysis: n， 复数形式：analyses.　　9.work on:从事…； 对…有影响 　　1).The scientist has been working on environmental protection for many years.　　2).The sufferings of the poor worked on our feelings so much that we gave them all the help we could.　　10.set sth up:设立、建立、提出 　　1).A statue was set up in the center of the city.　　2).Many countries agreed to set up an international organization to keep peace.　　3).Einstein set up many important theories.　　Analyze the difficult sentences: 　　1.Scientists are working on program to predict where and when an earthquake will occur.(P1) 　　翻译：科学家们正致力于研究预报地震何时何地发生的计划。 　　分析：Scientists are working on program 是句子的主体部分，to predict where and when anearthquake will occur 是动词不定式做定语，修饰 program.其中，where and when an earthquake will occur 是动词 predict 的宾语从句，注意疑问句的语序。词组：work on:从事…，对…有影响，如： 　　The sufferings of the poor worked on our feelings so much that we gave them all the help we could.　　2.They hope to develop an early warning system that can be used to forecast earthquakes so that living can be saved.(P1) 　　翻译：他们希望研究出一种早期警报系统，用来预报地震，以挽救人们的生命。 　　分析：该句中 that 引导的定语从句修饰 an early warning system，另外，so that 引导目的状语从句。注意，情态动词的被动语态在这句话中的用法。 　　3.Two of the biggest earthquakes that were ever recorded took place in China and Alaska.(P2) 　　翻译：有记载的两次最大的地震发生在中国和阿拉斯加。 　　分析：主语 Two of the biggest earthquakes，谓语 took place。该句考点，形容词最高级，the biggest; that were ever recorded 是定语从句；were recorded 表示“被记录”；词组：take place 发生、举行，请注意：该词无被动语态。如： 　　Great changes have taken place in Beijing in recent years.　　4.The nations that are actively involved in earthquake prediction programs include Japan, …..(P4) 　　翻译：积极参与地震预报研究的国家包括日本…。 　　分析：该句考点，词组 be involved in sth 参与…；或 be actively involved in sth 积极地参与…如：All the countries in the world should be actively involved in protecting the environment.　　5.These networks are on the alert for warning signs that show the weakening of rock layers that can precede an earthquake.(P4) 　　翻译：这些网络一直处于戒备状态，搜索着警告的迹象，这些迹象显示出在地震前可能发生岩层松动状况。 　　分析：这句话的主干是 These networks are on the alert for warning signs，它后面是两个套在一起的定语从句，均是由 that 引导的，第一个修饰 warning signs；第二个修饰 the weakening of rock layers。词组：on the alert: 警戒、防备着…如： 　　Passengers on buses should be on the alert against pick-pockets. 　　6.They watch for changes in the water level and temperature that are associated with movement along faults.(P4) 　　翻译：他们密切注意与断层运动有关的水位和水温的变化。 　　分析：词组：watch for 密切注意…；be associated with 同…有关系。 　　7.Everyone agrees that earthquakes cannot be predicted with any reliability.(P6) 　　翻译：人们都认为不可能可靠地预报地震。 　　分析：that 引导的是宾语从句，其中 cannot be 不可能，表示推测语气；with any reliability带有任何可能性。 　　8.While this is a small start, it is still a beginning.(p6) 　　翻译：尽管这是一个小的开端，但毕竟只是处于初始阶段。 　　分析：本句中的 while 意思是“尽管，虽然”，引导让步状语从句。请看下面的句子，区分 while含义： 　　1).While I was walking along the street, I met an E.T.　　2).I like watching TV while my husband likes playing chess in the spare time.　　3).While he has tries several times, he still fails again.　　Grammar: 倒装句 　　英语中主语在前,谓语在后的语序称为自然语序。　　由于语法、修辞的需要谓语置于主语之前，称为全部倒装；助动词、情态动词等移到主语之前而主要动词仍然在主语之后的，称作半倒装.全部倒装和半倒装的句子统称倒装句。 　　倒装句之全部倒装 　　全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和　一般过去时。常见的结构有：　　1) here, there, now, then, thus 等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用 be, come, go, lie, run。 　　There goes the bell. 　　Then came the chairman. 　　Here is your letter. 　　2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。　　In the front of the classroom stands our English teacher.　　Ahead sat an old woman.注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。　　Here he comes.　Away they went.　　倒装句之部分倒装 　　部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词 do, does 或 did，并将其置于主语之前。　　1)句首为否定或半否定的词语，如 no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。　　Never have I seen such a performance. 　　Nowhere will you find the answer to this question. 　　Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 　　当 Not until 引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。 　　注意： 如否定词不在句首不倒装。　　I have never seen such a performance. 　　The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep. 　　典型例题　　　　1)　Why can't I smoke here? 　　At no time___ in the meeting-room　　A.is smoking permitted　　 B.　smoking is permitted　　C.smoking is it permitted　 D.　does smoking permit　　答案 A.这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时，其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。 这 些否定词包括 no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until 等。本题的正常语序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time. 　　2) Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is. 　　A.man did know　 B.man know　 C.didn't man know　 D.did man know　　答案 D.　 看到 Not until…的句型，我们知道为一倒装句，答案在 C，D 中选一个。　　改写为正常语序为，Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th.现在将 not 提前，后面就不能再用否定了,否则意思就变了。　　以否定词开头作部分倒装　　如 Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than　　1).Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender. 　　2).Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. 　　3).No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her. 　　so, neither, nor 作部分倒装　　表示'也'、'也不' 的句子要部分倒装。　　Tom can speak French.So can Jack. 　　If you won't go, neither will I. 　　典型例题 　　 ---Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother?　　---I don't know, _____.　　A.nor don't I care　　B.nor do I care　　C.I don't care neither　　D.I don't care also　　答案：B.nor 为增补意思'也不关心'，因此句子应倒装。A 错在用 don't 再次否定， C neither 用法不对且缺乏连词。 D 缺乏连词。 　　注意： 当 so 引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为'的确如此'。　　 Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.　　 ---It's raining hard.　　　---So it is. 　　only 在句首要倒装的情况　　Only in this way can you learn English well. 　　Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting. 　　如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装　　Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed. 　　as, though 引导的倒装句　　as / though 引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 （形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前）。　　注意： 1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。 2) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,　 随实义动词一起放在主语之前。　　Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. 　　注意: 让步状语从句中，有 though，although 时，后面的主句不能有 but，但是 though 和 yet可连用。　　其他部分倒装　　1)so… that 句型中的 so 位于句首时，需倒装。　　So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch. 　　2)在某些表示祝愿的句型中：　　May you all be happy. 　　3)在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有 were, had, should 等词，可将 if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。　　Were I you, I would try it again. 　 　典型例题 　　1）Not until the early years of the 19th century___ what heat is　　 　　A.man did know　 B.man knew　 C.didn't man know　 D.did man know　　答案为 D.　否定词 Not 在句首，要求用部分倒装的句子结构。　　2）Not until I began to work ___ how much time I had wasted.　　　A.didn't I realize　　B.did I realize　　C.I didn't realize　D.I realize　　答案为 B。　　3)Do you know Tom bought a new car? 　I don't know, ___.　　A.nor don't I care　 B.nor do I care　C.I don't care neither　D.I don't care also　　解析：答案为 B.　句中的 nor 引出部分倒装结构，表示'也不'。由 so, neither, nor 引导的倒装句，表示前一情况的重复出现。其中, so 用于肯定句, 而 neither, nor 用在否定句中 　9. When presented with a common case, sales managers tend to see sales problems, production managers see production problems, and so on. (p7 line 5--7)　　译：当面对同一件日常事情时，销售经理倾向于看销售问题，而生产经理则会看生产相关的问题，等等。　　分析：前半部分为常考内容，它是 when + 过去分词短语，构成时间状语部分。其中词组：　　be presented with = be faced with 当面对…　　When faced with difficulties, we should be brave..　　10. People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon. (p9)　　译：人们经常假设一项决策是孤立的现象。　　分析：句子结构简单：主谓宾（从句）。其中 assume: = imagine; isolated: adj 孤立的。　　phenomenon: n 现象；复数变化较特殊：phenomena自考英语二复习资料第二章　重点单词、词组详讲　　1. interview: n/v 采访、面试；interviewer: n 采访者； interviewee: n 被采访者　　e.g. 1>. Who's the most famous person you've ever interviewed on TV?　　2>. In a TV interview last night, she denied she had any intention of resigning.　　2. criticism: n 批评，评论； criticize: v 批评； critical: a 批评的、挑剔的、关键的；critic: n 评论家, 请填填看。　　1> He is a literary ______.　　2> We are at a _______time in our history.　　3> He can't take ________.　　4> The boy was ______ by his father for being late for school.　　Answers: critic, critical, criticism, criticized　　3. indifference: n 冷漠、漠不关心；indifferent: a 冷漠的，反义词：enthusiastic: 热情的　　cf: different: a 不同的，名词：difference; 反义词：same.　　4. inefficiency: n 无效，由此联想得到：　　efficient: a 高效率的； efficiency: n inefficient: a 低效率的　　5. conservative: a 保守的、保存的； conserve: v 保存； conservation: n 　　6. apply to sb for sth: 向某人申请某物　　e.g. The student applied to the embassy for a visa.　　7. take the trouble to do sth: 不辞劳苦、费力地做某事　　e.g. If you took the trouble to listen to what I was saying, you'd know what I was talking about.　　8. put oneself in somebody's place: 设身处地…　　If you put yourself in your mother's place, you will understand why she is so worriedabout you.　　9. in hand: 手头上有，进行中　　I've got enough money in hand to buy a new car.　　10. turn down: 调小，降低，拒绝　　Turn down the TV, for the baby is sleeping.　　He turned down the job because the pay isn't good enough.　　课文难句分析　　1. The key words here are preparation and confidence, which will carry you far. （p2）　　译：这里的关键词是准备和自信，它们将使你前程远大。　　分析：which will carry you far 非限定性定语从句，修饰 preparation and confidence。另外请注意：key 关键的；preparation 是 prepare 的名词；confidence: n 信心。Confident: a 有信心的；self-confidence: 自信心。　　2. Find out all you can about the job you are applying for and the origination you hope to work for. (p4)　　译：了解你所申请的工作和你希望为之工作的组织。　　分析：you are applying for 定语，修饰 the job; you hope to work for 定语修饰 the origination。词组：apply to sb for sth 向某人申请什么。　　3. It shows an unattractive indifference to your employer and to your job. (p6)　　译：它表明你对雇主和你的工作的态度冷漠，不感兴趣。　　分析：it 主语；shows 谓语；an unattractive indifference 宾语；to your employer and to your job 间接宾语。Show sth to sb=show sb sth.另外，请注意：indifference: 冷漠，漠视。　　4. He wants somebody who is hard-working with a pleasant personality and a real interest in the job. (p7)　　分析：who is hard-working with a pleasant personality and a real interest in the job全部都是定语，修饰 somebody。注意介词 with 表示带有。。； have interest in sth 对…有兴趣。　　5. Anything that you find out about the prospective employer can be used to your advantage during the interview to show that you have bothered to master some facts about the people who you hope to work for. (p8)　　译：你找到的任何有关未来雇主的信息在面试中都能为你所用，以表示你费了心思去掌握一些关于你希望为其工作的人的事实。　　分析：从这个句子的长度大家也能看出这是一个复杂句。主体结构为：anything can be used toyour advantage. that you find out about the prospective employer 是定语从句；during the interview 状语；to show that you have bothered to master some facts about the people who you hope to work for 是目的状语；who you hope to work for 是另外一个定语从句修饰 the people. 词组：to your advantage: 对你有利；work for sb 为某人工作。　　6. Do not be afraid to ask for clarification of something that has been said during the interview if you want to be sure what was implied, but do be polite. (p10)　　译：面试中如果你想确切地知道某些话的含义，不要害怕请对方解释清楚，但一定要有礼貌。　　分析：基本句型：not be afraid to do sth; 不要害怕去做某事；ask for clarification 要求澄清；that has been said during the interview 定语，修饰 something; what was implied 宾语；do be polite: 其中 do 为了强调，如：do be careful! I do love you! He does lie to us!　　7. Have the letter inviting you for an interview ready to show in case there is any difficulty in communication. (p16)　　译： 拿着邀请你面试的通知书，以防万一交谈出现困难时显示。　　分析：这是一个祈使句。Have 动词，拿着；the letter 宾语；inviting you for an interview现在分词做定语；ready to show 状语；in case there is any difficulty in communication 条件状语从句；词组：there is some difficulty in sth/doing sth 在…方面有困难。如：We have somedifficulty speaking English fluently.　　8. There is little likelihood that a panel of five wants to go through the process ofall shaking hands with you in turn. (p20)　　译：由五个人构成的专门小组几乎不可能轮流与你握手。　　分析：这句话的重点在于 that a panel of five ants to go through the process of all shaking hands with you in turn 是一个同位语从句，是对 little likelihood 的解释。其中：likelihood: n 可能性，相当于 possibility; go through 经历； in turn:轮流。　　9. Would you mind rephrasing the question, please? (p23)　　译：您介意换个说法来问这个问题吗？　　分析：考点 mind doing sth. 如： Would you mind turning down the TV?　　语法：介绍 as 的相关用法　　as 是一个乍一看简单，但实际在英语中用法很复杂的小词。从词类上讲，可以用作介词、副词、连词以及关系代词；从语法功能角度来看，可以构成介词宾语，引导原因状语从句，时间状语从句，方式状语从句，让步状语从句，比较状语从句和定语从句。此外 as 还出现在很多固定搭配中，如： as if, as though, as long as, as to, as for, so as to, etc.　　请看下列例句,并请分析出 as 的具体用法。 　　1. I work as an English teacher in a middle school.　　2. Run as fast as you can.　　3. Young as he is, he knows more than I.　　4. Just as I was leaving, the telephone rang.　　5. Please do as I have told you.　　6. As I am the oldest child in my family, I must take care of the other children.　　7. Such people as you have described are rare now|自考英语二复习资料第三章　　1. astronomer: n 天文学家；astronomy: n 天文学　　2.explode: v 爆炸,由此联想：explosive: a 爆炸性的/n 炸药；explosion: n 爆炸　　1). When the bomb______, many people were seriously wounded.　　2). The unexpected ________ frightened the little girl.　　3). It might be possible to convert _____ energy into heat.　　Answers: exploded, explosion, explosive　　3. density: n 密度；联想产生：dense: a 密度大的，反义词：sparse; 　　densely: ad 高密度地；densely-populated 人口稠密的；sparsely-populated 人口稀疏的　　1). The ____ fog kept the travelers from finding the correct direction.　　2). The business area of the city is _____ populated.　　3). This liquid has a much greater ____ than water.　　Answers: dense, densely, density　　4. shrink: v 收缩、退缩、缩水　　1). As a result of careless washing, the jacket has shrunk to a child's size.　　2).The girl shrinks at the sight of blood.　　5. measurement: n 衡量、测量；　　由此联想：measure: n 措施/v 衡量、测量；measurable: a 可衡量的，可测量的　　1). We must take _____ to protect our environment.　　2). We have come within ______ distance of success.　　3). Clocks give us a ______ of time.　　4). There the rainfall is ______ not in inches but in feet.　　Answers: measures, measurable, measurement, measured　　6.implication: n 含义、暗示；imply: v 暗示　　7. basis: n 基础、根据，　　由此可以联想得到：base: n 底部；v 以…为底，为根据；basic: a 基础的，根本的；　　basically: ad 根本上来说, 　　1). If you want to improve your English, you must have a solid ______.　　2). The furniture of out dorm is really _____: two beds, two chairs and tables.　　3). The charges are false for they are not ______ on proven facts.　　4). Since no better plan can be worked out, we have to adopt the ____ workable one.　　Answers: basis, basic, based, basically　　8. observatory: n 天文台；由此可以联想得到：　　observe: v 观察；observation: n 观察；observer: n 观察家　　9. convincing: a 有说服力的，使人信服的；convince: v 使人信服；convinced: a 感到有说服力的，常见搭配：convince sb of sth; convince sb that　　1). He gave us a convincing speech.　　2). He convinced me f his sincerity.　　10. operate: v 运转、操作、动手术；operation : n 手术，操作；operator: 操作者　　11. research into 对…进行研究　　She is researching into possible cures for AIDS.　　12. swallow up: 吞没、耗尽　　Many small businesses have been swallowed up by large companies. 　　13. apply to sb/sth：适用于某人/某事，请对比：　　apply to sb for sth 向某人申请某事；apply A to B 将 A 应用于 B　　1). You should apply what you have learned to your work.　　2). I applied to him for a new job.　　3). The study method doesn't apply to everyone　　Analyze the important sentences among the text　　1. Well, it's difficult to answer this question, since the terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon are inadequate here.(p1) 　　译：哦，这个问题很难回答，因为我们通常用来描述一种科学现象的现有术语在这里不够用。　　句子分析：it 是形式主语，to answer this question 是句子主语；since 引导原因状语从句，wewould normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon 是定语从句，修饰 terms; inadequate:不充分的，不合格的。　　2. Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space not a thing into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape---not even light. (p1)　　译：天文学家和科学家认为黑洞是一个空间区域，而不是一个物体，物质会掉进黑洞而没有物体可以从中逃脱出来，即使是光也不行。　　句子分析：into which 和 from which 引导两个定语从句，介词：into 和 fall 搭配；from 和escape 搭配。这种介词+which 的定语从句的形式请多注意。　　3. The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particularpoint. (p2)　　译：（关于黑洞形成的）理论就是一些星球的密度增长到某个特定的点就会爆炸。　　句子分析：这是一个主系表结构句。that 用来引导表语从句，不可省略。其中又包含一个 when 引导的时间状语从句。to a particular point 是达到某一个特定的点的含义。　　4. But if the star is very large (much bigger than our sun) this process of shrinking may be so intense that a black hole results. (p2)　　译：但如果星球很大（比我们的太阳还要大得多），其收缩过程可能很剧烈，以致于产生了黑洞。　　句子分析：这是一个 if 引导的条件状语从句，so…that 表示如此…以致，是结果状语从句。　　如：I'm so tired that I can even sleep on my way home.　　5. Imagine the earth reduced to the size of a marble, but still having the same mass and a stronger gravitational pull, and you have some idea of the force of a black hole. (p2)　　译：假想一下地球收缩到弹球儿那么大，但仍具有同样的质量和更强的吸引力，你就会对黑洞的力量又某种概念。　　句子分析：该句的主要结构为 imagine….and you ……事实上相当于 if you imagine…, you will have some idea….. 这种句子结构在历年的考试中曾出现过。请记住：祈使句+ and + 陈述句=if 引导的条件状语从句。如：Hurry up and you can catch the last train! 　　另外，该句还有两个定语成分 reduced to the size of a marble 和 having the same mass and a stronger gravitational pull 用来修饰 the earth.前者为过去分词，而后者为现在分词。词组：　　have some idea of sth 对…有所了解　　6. It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes. (p3line13--14)　　译：只是近来科学家才开始对黑洞进行具体的研究。　　句子分析：本句的核心结构为 it is…that 的强调句型，强调时间状语 only recently。词组：research into sth 对…进行研究。　　7. The most convincing evidence of black holes comes from research into binary star systems. (p4)　　译：有关黑洞最有说服力的证据来自对双星体系的研究。 　　句子分析：该句主语 evidence，谓语 comes from；宾语 research into binary star systems。　　The most convincing 是定语，修饰 evidence.其中请注意 convincing:令人信服的，通常修饰物的形容词多以-ing 结尾；而修饰人的多以-ed 结尾。如：　　I feel excited after hearing the surprising news.　　8. Matter from the one which we can see is being pulled towards the companion star. (p4)　　译：我们所看到的星球的物质正在被吸引到伴星去。　　句子分析：主语 matter; 谓语 is being pulled，这是一个进行被动语态；towards the companion star 介词宾语；from the one which we can see 定语。　　9. On the other hand, scientists have suggested that very advanced technology could one day make use of the energy of black holes for mankind. (p5line4--6)　　译：另一方面，科学家也提出有一天高科技会利用黑洞的力量为人类服务。　　句子分析：请注意在本句中 suggest 不是建议的含义，是指出、指明的意思。advanced 高级的、先进的；make use of sth 利用…，该词组可以拓展成：make good use of 好好加以利用；make fulluse of 充分加以利用。　　10. They show us a world which operates in a totally different way from our own and they question our most basic experience of apace and time.(p5)　　译：他们展示给我们一个不同于我们自己的世界运行方式的世界，并对我们最基本的时空经验提出了质疑。 　　句子分析：这个句子复杂在于：从 which 引导的很长的定语从句，特别注意;operate：v 操作；in a way 以某种方式；be different from 同…不同；question: v 质疑，询问。自考英语二复习资料第四章　Learn new words and phrases　　1. resolve: v 旋转，常见搭配关系为：resolve around sb/sth 围绕…转。　　She spends all of her time resolving around her family.　　The earth resolves around the sun.　　2. solar: a 太阳的，日光的　　solar energy 太阳能；solar system 太阳系；solar month 阳历月　　3. concerned: a 有关的、担心的　　Her job is something concerned with computer.　　He is concerned about the result of the exam.　　4. colored: a 有色的，对比；colorful: a 丰富多彩的　　I like orange-colored coat.　　Everybody likes colorful life.　　5. religion: n 宗教，religious: a 虔诚的；　　请对比：region: n 地区；regional: a 地区的　　6. circumstance: n 情况、境遇；　　Under no circumstances can we waste time.　　7. a great many = a number of = many 很多，修饰复数名词。而 a great deal of + u.n　　A great many students are absent today.　　I have wasted a great deal of time.　　8. above all: 首先、首要　　After the war, he longed above all to see his wife and family.　9. as a rule: 通常、一般而言　　As a rule, I only watch sports news.　　Analyze the important sentences among the text:　　1. First of all, let us consider the earth as a planet revolving around the sun. (p1)　　译：首先，让我们把地球看作是围绕太阳运行的一颗行星。　　句子分析：first of all 首先，词组：consider sth as sth 把…当作…，与之类似的词组还有：　　look up sth as sth; review sth as sth; treat sth as sth…; revolving around the sun 是 现在分词短语作定语修饰 a planet。　　2. These nine planets, together with the sun, make up what is called our solar system. (p1)　　译：这九大行星和太阳一起构成我们所说的太阳系。　　句子分析：该句主语为：These nine planets；谓语是 make up；what is called our solar system 是宾语；together with the sun 是状语，而并非句子主语。关于该语法内容请见本讲后面的grammar---主谓一致。　　3. How this wonderful system started and what kept it working with such wonderful accuracy is largely a mystery …… (p1)　　译：这个奇妙的星系是怎样起源的？什么使它保持极其精确的运转，很大程度上现在还是一个谜。　　句子分析：这也是一个主语很复杂的句子：How this wonderful system started and what keptit working with such wonderful accuracy 是主语，它是一个主语从句。关于该语法内容请见本讲后面的 grammar---主谓一致。　　4. The total water area is about three times as large as the land area. (p4)　　译：水域的总面积大约是陆地面积的三倍大。　　句子分析：该句的核心句型是 A + be + 倍数+ as + adj + as + B.　　e.g. The Atlantic Ocean is only half as big as the Pacific Ocean.　　5. These currents are important because they affected the climate of the land areas close to where they flow and also because they carry large quantities of microscope animal and vegetable life which forms a large part of the food for fishes. (p5)　　译：这些海洋之所以重要是因为他们影响着所流经区域的附近陆地的气候，也是因为它们携带大量的微生物，植物，而这些构成鱼类食品的一大部分。　　句子分析：这是一个由 because 引导的主从复合句，其中 close to where they flow 是定语，修饰 the land areas；词组：large quantities of + c.n/u.n; which forms a large part of the food for fishes 是定语从句修饰 animal and vegetable life。其中 life 是指生命，不可数名词。　　6. The circumstances under which different people live make a difference between the way in which they live and the way in which we live, and it ought to be our business to try to understand those different circumstances so that we can better understand people of other lands. (p8)　　译：不同民族的生活环境造就了他们和我们极为不同的生活方式，我们应该做的是去了解他们不同的生活环境以便可以更好理解其他地区的人们。　　句子分析：该句中的 under which 和 in which 又是介词+which 的定语从句用法，修饰 The circumstances 和 the way；so that 引导的时目的状语从句。其中：make a diference;使…不同，产生差异；business 是指责任；　　7. Above all, we should avoid deciding what we think about people different from ourselves without first having learned a great deal about them and the kind of lives theyhave to live.　　译：其中很重要的实在没有对于与我们不同的人们和他们必须过的那种生活有大量的了解之前，我们应该避免对他们有先入为主的看法。　　句子分析：Above all 是状语，意思是最重要的，首先；we 主语；should avoid 谓语；deciding what we think about people different from ourselves 宾语；without first…状语。different from ourselves 是定语，修饰 people; having learned 动名词的完成时态，表示这个动作早于deciding 发生。重要词组：above all; avoid doing; a great deal　　8. It is true to say that the more we learn about other people, the better we understand their ideas and as a rule, the better we like those people themselves.　　译：确实我们了解其他人越多，我们就越能理解他们的观点，通常我们就更喜欢那些人。　　句子分析：该句的主要结构为：the more…the more…the better 意思：越…就越…；如：　　The longer you keep this wine, the better it tastes.　　The busier I am, the happier I am.　　Grammar 主谓一致 　　主谓一致是指句中的主语和谓语在人称和数上须保持一致。我们一般遵从三个原则：　　1、 语法一致的原则：是指主语为单数或复数时，其谓语动词要与其相呼应。　　2、 意义一致的原则：指谓语动词的单复数取决于主语所表达的概念，而不取决于表面的语法标志，主要表现为某些集体名词后可跟动词单数或复数。如果这些集体名词指整体概念时，谓语动词用单数；指具体成员时用复数。　　3、 就近原则：是指谓语动词单复数取决于离它最近的词语，而无须考虑其他的词。　　主谓一致的热点　　1．由 many a 或 more than + 单数名词作主语时，其谓语用单数形式。　　Many a foreigner has been to the Great Wall.　　More than one student has visited the exhibition.　　2．“……的几分之几”和“……的百分之几” 作主语时，其谓语用单数或复数取决于 of 后的名词。　　Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.　　40 percent of the students in our class are girls.　　3．“a number of + 名词复数”作主语，谓语用复数；“ the number of + 名词复数”作主语，谓语用单数。　　A number of pupils like reading picture-books.　　The number of the students in our class is 55.　　4．并列主语如果指的是同一人、同一物或同一概念，谓语动词用单数，这时 and 后面的名词前没有冠词。　　The secretary of the Party branch and director of that factory often works with the workers.　　5．成对的名词，如 bread and butter 涂黄油的面包，soda and water 汽水，coffee and milk 加牛奶的咖啡，aim and end 目的，salt and water 盐开水等，虽然有 and 连接，但仍表单一概念，作主语时，谓语用单数。　　A knife and fork is on the table.　　6．由 and 连接的并列单数主语的前面分别有 each, every 或 no 修饰时，其谓语用单数形式。　　No student and no teacher is invited to the party.　　In our country every boy and every girl has right to receive education.　　7．主语是单数，其后跟有 together with, along with (与……一道)，as well as (和；也)，no less than (和……一样)，rather than (而不)，以及 with, not, like, but, except, besides,including 等引起的短语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。　　He as well as his sister is a League member.　　8．在定语从句中主语是关系代词 who, that, which,谓语动词的数应与先行词的数一致。　　I, who am your teacher, will teach you everything I know.　　9．主语是一些只有复数形式的名词，如 clothes, trousers, glasses, compasses, scissors, shoes, socks, gloves 等时，谓语用复数。但这类表示成双的东西的名词前有 a pair of 修饰时，谓语用单数。　　My trousers are being washed now.　　There is a pair of shoes in the box.　　10．表示度量、价格、时间的复数名词词组作主语时一般被看作一个整体，谓语用单数形式。　　 Ten dollars is not enough.　　Three months has passed since he left.　　11．主语是以-ics 结尾的学科名词以及 news, works (工厂)等都属形式复数，而意义单数的名词，其谓语用单数形式。另外 means 一词单复数同形应视具体情况而定。　　 Mathematics seems to be difficult to learn.　　A new means of teaching is being used in that school.　　12．主语是用作书名、剧名、报纸名、国名等的复数名词，谓语一般用单数形式。　　 The United States is a developed country.